A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse : The Biomedical Aspects

1. Introduction, 1(16) Some Definitions, 2(4) The Problem of Drug Abuse, 6(2) Patterns and Development of Drug Use, 8(4) Predictors of Initiation of Drug Abuse, 9(2) Correlates of Cessation of Drug Use, 11(1) Neurological Aspects of Drug Abuse, 12(5) 2. Tobacco and Nicotine, 17(18) Tobacco Culture, 17(2) Epidemiology and Patterns of Use, 19(3) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 22(1) Effects of Nicotine, 23(3) Subjective Effects, 23(1) Physiological Dependence and Tolerance, 24(1) Physiological Effects, 24(2) Mechanism of Central Action, 26(1) Morbidity and Mortality, 27(4) Coronary Heart Disease, 27(1) Cancer, 28(1) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 29(1) Smoking and Fetal Development, 29(1) Passive Smoking, 29(2) Treatment of Nicotine Addiction, 31(4) 3. Opioids, 35(20) Culture and History, 35 Opioid Drugs, 39(3) Patterns of Use, 42(2) Effects of Opioid Drugs, 44(4) Subjective Effects, 44(1) Analgesia, 45(1) Gastrointestinal System, 45(1) Respiration, 46(1) In Utero Effects, 46(1) Physiological Dependence, 47(1) Tolerance, 48(1) Mechanism of Action, 48(1) Absorption and Fate, 49(1) Toxicity, 50(1) Pharmacological Treatment of Abuse, 51(4) 4. Depressants of the Central Nervous System: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines, 55(26) Alcohol, 56(17) Epidemiology and Patterns of Use, 56(2) Genetics and Alcoholism, 58(1) Central Nervous System Effects of Alcohol, 59(5) Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism, 64(2) In Utero Effects of Alcohol, 66(1) Beneficial Effects of Alcohol, 67(1) Morbidity, 67(4) Mortality, 71(1) Pharmacological Treatment of Alcholism, 72(1) Barbiturate and Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics, 73(1) Benzodiazepines and other Minor Tranquilizers, 73(8) Effects of Benzodiazepines, 73(1) Patterns of Use, 74(1) Mechanism of Action, 75(1) Tolerance and Physiological Dependence, 76(1) Other Minor Tranquilizers, 77(4) 5. Depressants of the Central Nervous System: Volatile Solvents and Aerosols, 81(13) Preparations Used, 83(1) Patterns of Use, 84(2) Effects of Volatile Solvents, 86(1) Habitual Use of Volatile Solvents, 87(1) Physiological Dependence, 87(1) Toxic Effects of Volatile Solvents: Morbidity and Mortality, 87(7) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, 88(1) Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 88(1) Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Alkyl Halides), 89(1) Ketones, 90(1) Esters, 90(1) Nitrites, 90(4) 6. Club Drugs: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Ketamine, and Agents Taken in Similar Patterns, 94(14) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 95(2) Chemistry and Mechanism of Action, 95(1) Effects and Toxicity, 96(1) Patterns of Use, 97(1) Metabolism, 97(1) Gamma Hydroxybutyrate, 97(2) Effects and Phamacokinetics, 98(1) Dependence and Withdrawal, 99(1) Medical Indications, 99(1) Hallucinogens, 99(9) Ketamine and Phencyclidine, 100(4) Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 104(4) 7. Marijuana and Hashish, 108(15) Epidemiology and Patterns of Use, 109(1) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 110(2) Physiological Dependence and Tolerance, 112(1) Effects of Marijuana, 113(3) Subjective Effects, 113(2) Physiological Effects, 115(1) Mechanism of Central Action, 116(1) Adverse Effects, 117(2) Acute Adverse Effects, 117(1) Persistent Adverse Effects, 118(1) Medical Use, 119(4) 8. Central Nervous System Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Related Drugs, and Caffeine, 123(19) Cocaine, 124(4) Mechanism of Action, Absorption, and Fate, 126(1) Toxicity, 127(1) The Amphetamines, 128(3) Neurotoxicity, 131(1) Mechanism of Action, Absorption, and Fate, 131(1) Effects of Amphetamine and Cocaine, 131(3) Patterns of Use, 132(2) Physiological Dependence on Stimulants, 134(1) Khat Chewing and Cathinone, 134(1) Caffeine and Theophylline, 135(4) Patterns of Use, 136(1) Effects, 136(1) Physiological Dependence, 137(2) Drugs Used to Treat Hyperactivity and Obesity, 139(3) 9. Medical Issues Associated with Drug Abuse, 142(12) Infections Resulting from Intravenous Drug Use, 142(8) Heart, 143(1) Lung, 144(1) Central Nervous System, 144(1) Liver, 145(1) Skin and Soft Tissue, 146(2) Bone and Joint, 148(1) Immune System, 148(2) Pulmonary Health Risks from Smoking Illicit Drugs, 150(4) Marijuana, 150(1) Cocaine, 151(3) 10. Drug Abuse and the Law, 154(17) Drug Abuse and American Federal Law, 154(11) Drug Abuse and International Law, 165(6) Index, 171