A Society without Fathers or Husbands - The Na of China

Acknowledgments 13(15) A Note on the Transcription of Na and Chinese Words 15(4) Introduction 19(16) Part One: The Context General Presentation 35(14) Identity 35(2) Geography of the Yongning Region 37(2) The Lines of Communication 39(1) The Economy 40(5) The Administration of Yongning 45(4) Social Stratification Until 1956 49(14) Rules of Conduct 49(1) Sipi 50(1) Dzeka 51(1) We 52(11) The Political Regime Until 1956 63(18) An Overview of the Tusi System in China 63(5) The Political Regime of the Na Tusi 68(4) The Division of the Yongning Region into Two Zones 72(2) The Traditional Rights of Commoners 74(7) Landownership: The System until 1956 81(18) Public Land 81(3) The Shifts in Landownership 84(3) Land Owned by Aristocratic Lignees 87(4) Land Owned by Commoner Lignees 91(1) Land Owned by Serfs 92(1) Land Owned by the Village 93(1) Taxes and Tributes 93(6) Religions 99(10) The Daba 99(4) The Lamaist Monks 103(3) The Political Role of the Buddhist Organization 106(3) Neighboring Ethnic Groups 109(8) Characteristics of the Neighboring Ethnic Groups 109(3) The Zhifu's Attitude toward Immigration 112(5) Part Two: Kinship and the Modality of Sexual Life The Foundation of the Na Kinship System 117(68) Genealogical Survey 117(1) The Concept of Procreation 118(2) Consanguinity 120(9) The Residence 129(11) The Nomenclature of Kinship 140(10) Adoption 150(9) The Breakup of a Lignee 159(6) Larger Social Groupings 165(6) Reciprocity 171(4) Birth 175(3) The Name of the Lignee 178(1) Puberty 179(6) The Furtive Visit 185(52) Definition 185(1) Forming the Relationship 186(5) The Process of the Visit 191(5) The Selection Criteria 196(4) The Exchange of Gifts 200(2) The Multiplicity of Partners and the Discontinuity of Relationships 202(4) Case Studies 206(6) Jealousy and Fidelity 212(3) Intra-and Inter-Village Relations 215(3) The Behavior of the Different Age-Groups 218(4) Disputes between Villages 222(1) Interethnic Relations 223(2) The Question of Prostitution 225(1) Men as Genitors and Children as ``Bastards'' 226(5) The Norms that Regulate the Acia Relationship 231(2) The Sixteen Elementary Combinations of the Acia Relationship 233(4) The Conspicuous Visit 237(26) Definition 237(1) Forming the Relationship 237(1) The Meal Ritual 238(1) The Exchanging of Gifts 239(1) The Process of the Conspicuous Visit 240(2) The Sexual Privilege 242(2) Jealousy and Tolerance 244(3) The Independence of the dhu zi dhu mi 247(4) The Norms Regulating the dhu zi dhu mi Relationship 251(12) Cohabitation 263(40) Definition 263(1) Types of Cohabitation 264(4) Breakdown of the Cohabitation Types 268(5) Zo min and mu min 273(13) The Prerequisite Condition for Cohabitation 286(3) The Norms Regulating Cohabitation 289(14) The Marriage of the Only Son as a Type 303(32) Definition 303(1) The Request to Give a Young Woman 304(2) The Ceremonies 306(3) Hinshuba and Chumi 309(1) The Spouses' Rights and Responsibilities 309(1) Min kru: Jealousy and Tolerance 310(3) The Newlyweds' Children in the New Household 313(2) The Kinship Terminology for married Couples 315(1) The Dissolution of the Matrimonial Relationship 316(6) Why Someone Would Choose Marriage 322(4) The Norms Regulating Marriage 326(9) Kinship in the Zhifu's Family 335(50) The Rule for Transmission of Consanguinity and Status 335(5) The Modality of Sexual Life 340(11) Daily Behavior 351(1) Inheritance 352(2) Kinship Terminology for the Zhifu 354(1) About the Zhifu's Kinship Group 355(4) The General Administrator's Household 359(1) The Displacement of Power 360(1) The Modality of Sexual Life for the Last Zhifu's Descendants 361(4) The Governmental Rules Regarding the Transfer of the Zhifu's Power 365(20) The Matrimonial Reforms: 1959-74 and 1980s-90s 385(28) Na Moral Standards as Viewed by the Local Government 385(1) The First Reform (1958): The Advocacy of Monogamy 386(2) The Second and Third Reforms (1966 and 1971): The Imposition of Monogamy 388(1) The Fourth Reform (1974): The Imposition of Monogamy through Administrative Constraints 389(6) The Villagers' Reactions 395(3) The Current Situation 398(15) Part Three: Comparison and Theoretical Discussion The Modalities of Sexual Life 413(36) The Comparison of the Four Modalities of Sexual Life 414(13) What is Marriage? 427(10) Further Comparison 437(5) Why Marriage and Why the Visit? 442(7) Various Types of Domestic Groups 449(10) What is a Family? 449(4) A Comparison of Various Na Domestic Groups with the Family 453(6) Conclusion 459(18) Notes 477(16) Glossary 493(6) Bibliography 499