African American English

Foreword ix John R. Rickford Preface xi Introduction 1(1) Goals and structure of the book 1(4) On naming the variety 5(3) On accounting for the origin of AAE 8(4) Lexicons and meaning 12(22) Introduction 12(2) Lexicons and AAE: a review of three types 14(5) Structuring the lexicon 19(8) Slang: adding words to the lexicon 27(7) Summary 31(1) Exercises 32(2) Syntax part 1: verbal markers in AAE 34(42) Introduction 34(2) Auxiliaries 36(8) Aspectual markers (verbal markers): be, BIN, d∂n 44(26) Preverbal markers: finna, steady, come 70(6) Summary 74(1) Exercises 74(2) Syntax part 2: syntactic and morphosyntactic properties in AAE 76(30) Introduction 76(1) Syntactic properties 77(1) Negation 77(3) Existential it and dey 80(4) Questions 84(5) Relative clauses 89(2) Preterite had 91(3) Summary 93(1) Morphosyntactic properties 94(1) Morphosyntactic patterns in AAE 94(12) Summary 103(1) Exercises 103(3) Phonology of AAE 106(28) Introduction 106(1) Final consonant sounds 107(9) Devoicing 116(1) Sound patterns and th 117(2) r and l: liquid vocalization 119(2) Additional phonological patterns 121(3) Prosodic features: stress and intonation 124(10) Summary 132(1) Exercises 132(2) Speech events and rules of interaction in AAE 134(30) Introduction 134(1) Overview of speech events 135(2) Verbal strategies 137(5) Expressions in nonverbal communication 142(4) Speech events and language use in African American church services 146(8) Extensions of call-response 154(1) Language use and rap 155(6) Speech events and communicative competence 161(3) Summary 162(1) Exercises 163(1) AAE in literature 164(36) Introduction 164(1) General overview 165(2) Representation of AAE in literature to the early twentieth century 167(11) From the Harlem Renaissance to the mid twentieth century 178(10) AAE in literature from the mid twentieth century to the present 188(12) Summary 197(1) Exercises 198(2) AAE in the media 200(16) Introduction 200(1) ``Chances for plenty of action and clowning'' 201(5) Speech events in television and film 206(5) Indicators of adolescent street language 211(5) Summary 214(1) Exercises 214(2) Approaches, attitudes and education 216(29) Introduction 216(2) Approaches to AAE 218(3) Attitudes toward AAE as a legitimate variety 221(2) Attitudes toward AAE and employment 223(3) AAE and education 226(19) Summary 242(1) Exercises 242(3) Endnotes 245(10) References 255(14) Acknowledgments 269(2) Index 271