An Introduction to the Physics of Nuclei and Particles

Preface xi Part I Introduction 1(10) Basic Concepts 3(4) Introduction 3(1) Terminology and Definitions 4(1) Units and Dimensions 5(1) Sources of Information 6(1) Particles and Interactions 7(4) Classification of Subatomic Particles 7(2) Classification and Ranges of Interactions 9(1) Conservation Laws 9(2) Part II Nuclear Properties and Models 11(70) Nuclear Composition and Size 13(13) Composition of the Nucleus 13(3) Rutherford Scattering 16(3) Charge Distribution of the Nucleus 19(4) Mass Distribution of the Nucleus 23(3) Binding Energy and the Liquid Drop Model 26(16) Definition and Properties of the Nuclear Binding Energy 26(2) The Liquid Drop Model 28(3) Beta Stability 31(6) Nucleon Separation Energies 37(5) The Shell Model 42(20) Overview of Atomic Structure 42(3) Evidence for Nuclear Shell Structure 45(5) The Infinite Square Well Potential 50(4) Other Forms of the Nuclear Potential 54(2) Spin-Orbit Coupling 56(2) Nuclear Energy Levels 58(4) Properties of the Nucleus 62(19) Ground State Spin and Parity 62(3) Excited Nuclear States 65(2) Mirror Nuclei 67(1) Electromagnetic Moments of the Nucleus 67(2) Electric Quadrupole Moments 69(2) Magnetic Dipole Moments 71(4) An Overview of the Collective Model 75(6) Part III Nuclear Decays and Reactions 81(116) General Properties of Decay Processes 83(11) Decay Rates and Lifetimes 83(5) Quantum Mechanical Considerations 88(2) Radioactive Dating 90(4) Alpha Decay 94(12) Energetics of Alpha Decay 94(3) Theory of Alpha Decay 97(5) Angular Momentum Considerations 102(4) Beta Decay 106(22) Energetics of Beta Decay 106(3) Fermi Theory of Beta Decay 109(5) Fermi-Kurie Plots 114(2) Allowed and Forbidden Transitions 116(4) Parity Violation in Beta Decay 120(2) Double Beta Decay 122(6) Gamma Decay 128(13) Energetics of Gamma Decay 128(1) Classical Theory of Radiative Processes 129(4) Quantum Mechanical Description of Gamma Decay 133(2) Selection Rules 135(1) Internal Conversion 136(5) Nuclear Reactions 141(17) General Classification of Reactions and Conservation Laws 141(2) Inelastic Scattering 143(3) Nuclear Reactions 146(2) Deuteron Stripping Reactions 148(2) Neutron Reactions 150(5) Coulombic Effects 155(3) Fission Reactions 158(17) Basic Properties of Fission Processes 158(4) Induced Fission 162(1) Fission Processes in Uranium 163(2) Neutron Cross Sections for Uranium 165(2) Critical Mass for Chain Reactions 167(1) Moderators and Reactor Control 168(3) Reactor Stability 171(1) Reactor Design 171(4) Fusion Reactions 175(22) Fusion Processes 175(3) Fusion Cross Sections and Reaction Rates 178(3) Stellar Fusion Processes 181(3) Fusion Reactors 184(7) Progress in Controlled Fusion 191(6) Part IV Particle Physics 197(62) Particles and Interactions 199(8) Classification of Particles 199(1) Properties of Leptons 200(2) Feynman Diagrams 202(5) The Standard Model 207(15) Evidence for Quarks 207(2) Composition of Light Hadrons 209(4) Composition of Heavy Hadrons 213(2) More About Quarks 215(3) Color and Gluons 218(4) Particle Reactions and Decays 222(23) Reactions and Decays in the Context of the Quark Model 222(5) W± and Z0 Bosons 227(4) Quark Generation Mixing 231(1) Conservation Laws and Vertex Rules 232(2) Classification of Interactions 234(1) Transition Probabilities and Feynman Diagrams 235(4) Meson Production and Fragmentation 239(2) CP Violation in Neutral Meson Decays 241(4) Grand Unified Theories and the Solar Neutrino Problem 245(14) Grand Unified Theories 245(2) Solar Neutrinos 247(5) Neutrino Oscillations 252(4) Neutrino Masses 256(3) Appendix A Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 259(2) Appendix B Properties of Nuclides 261(16) Bibliography 277(2) Index 279