Animal Rights and Human Morality

Preface to the Third Edition 15(6) Original Preface to the Second Edition 21(6) Updated Preface to the First Edition 27(6) 1. MORAL THEORY AND ANIMALS Introduction 33(2) Moral Intuitions and Moral Theory 35(2) Finding a Fulcrum The Need for an Ideal 37(3) Constructing an Ideal for Animals 40(4) Having a Soul 44(1) Relevant Differences 45(1) Human Dominion 46(2) Duties toward Animals as Duties toward Humans 48(1) Reason, Language, and Moral Concern 49(2) Social Contract Theories 51(6) Kant's Theory of Reason 57(1) Kant's Ethic 58(1) Humans as "Ends in Themselves" 59(1) Animals as Means 60(1) Language and Reason 61(4) The Ordinary Notion of Rationality 65(1) Do Animals Behave Rationally? 66(1) Are Only Humans "Language-Rational"?- Do Animals Use Concepts? 67(4) Animals and Human Language 71(1) Moral Concern and Nonrational Humans 71(2) Our Concern for Nonrational Human Interests 73(1) The Moral Relevance of Pleasure and Pain 74(2) Scientific Ideology and the Denial of Animal Pain and Consciousness 76(8) A Critique of Scientific Ideology 84(7) Variability of Pain Experience in Humans and Animals 91(3) Interest in Survival and Freedom 94(1) Moral Concern and Creatures with Interests 95(1) Interests, Language, and Natural Signs 96(3) Life and Awareness as the Source of Interests: The Telos of Living Things 99(2) Interests and Awareness 101(4) Moral Theory and Our Worldview 105(3) Do Animals Have "Moral Rights"? 108(1) The Right to Moral Concern 109(1) The Right to Life 110(4) The Violation of Rights 114(2) Animals as Ends in Themselves 116(1) Specific Rights and Animals Nature 117(3) Telos and Ethology 120(4) Telos and Genetic Engineering 124(5) Where Do You Draw the Line? 129(1) How Do We Deal with Competing Interests? 130(5) Must We Police Creation? 135(1) Don't Animals Kill Each Other? 136(1) The Nonliving Environment 136(5) Don't We Have Enough Problems with Human Morality? 141(1) Isn't All This Utopian? 141(2) 2. ANIMAL RIGHTS AND LEGAL RIGHTS How Are Law and Morality Connected? 143(1) Natural Law Theory 144(1) Natural Rights 145(1) The Rejection of Natural Law and Natural Rights: Legal Positivism 146(1) The Revival of Natural Rights 147(3) Rights Are a Protection for the Individual against the General Welfare 150(2) How Rights Are Established 152(1) How Does This Relate to Animals? 153(2) Don't Animals Have Legal Rights Now? 155(1) Do Animals Need Rights? Their Legal Status Today 155(7) Legalizing the Rights of Animals 162(4) What Can We Expect to Achieve? 166(3) Is Our Position Absurd? 169(1) Legal Rights of Animals Today 170(5) 3. THE USE AND ABUSE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH Introduction 175(2) The Six Senses of Research 177(3) Moral Principles for Research: The Utilitarian and Rights Principles 180(4) Introduction to the Testing of Consumables 184(1) The LD50 Test 185(5) The Draize Test 190(4) Carcinogen, Mutagen, and Teratogen Testing 194(2) The Concept of Alternatives to Animal Experimentation 196(2) The Use of Animals in Teaching 198(3) Research Abuse and the Training of Scientists 201(5) The Debasement of Language in Science 206(2) Creating a Revolution in Science Education Some Personal Notes 208(9) Introduction to the Use of Animals in Basic Research 217(1) Freedom of Thought versus the Moral Status of Animals 218(3) The Use of "Alternatives" in Basic Research 221(1) Theory-based Science versus Empirical Dabbling 222(5) Improving the Lot of Research Animals 227(4) The Emergence of Viable Legislation 231(5) Positive Features of the New Laws 236(5) Distress 241(5) Limitations and Inadequacies in the New Laws 246(4) Animal Happiness 250(2) Threats to the Current Regulatory System 252(15) The Role of Humanists in Science 267(2) Introduction to the Use of Animals in Applied Medical Research 269(3) The Focus of Medical Research and Practice: Some Philosophical Reflections 272(4) Introduction to the Use of Animals in Drug Research 276(4) Introduction to the Use of Animals for Product Extraction 280(3) Conclusion 283(2) 4. MORALITY AND PET ANIMALS Morality, Empathy, and Individuality 285(1) The Triggering of Empathy 286(3) Pet Animals and the Social Contract 289(3) The Changing Role of Companion Animals in Society 292(4) Human Breach of Contract 296(1) Violating the Right to Life 297(2) The Human Tragedy 299(1) Violation of Telos 300(6) Canine Racism 306(1) Social Institutions as a Mirror of Individual Irresponsibility 307(4) Viable Legislation and the Pet Problem 311(7) The Need for an Educational Blitzkrieg 318(1) The Role of Animal Advocacy 319(4) The Role of Veterinarians 323(6) 5. ANIMAL AGRICULTURE Introduction 329(1) Husbandry Agriculture 330(2) The Rise of Industrialized Agriculture 332(3) Welfare and Productivity 335(1) Problems of Industrialized Agriculture 336(3) Sow Confinement 339(8) Other Problems in Confinement Swine Production 347(2) Piglet Welfare 349(2) Grower-Finishers 351(1) Handling and Transport 352(1) Recommendations 353(1) Egg Production 354(1) Broiler Production 355(1) Dairy 356(1) Veal 356(2) Husbandry versus Industry Beef 358(2) Welfare Problems in the Beef Industry 360(2) Feedlots 362(1) What Is to Be Done? 362(7) Afterword to the Second Edition 369(2) Afterword to the Third Edition 371(2) Bibliography 373(8) Index 381