Anion Receptor Chemistry : Rsc

Glossary xiii Introduction 1(26) Importance of Anions in the Modern World 1(1) The Challenges of Anion Complexation 2(2) Anions in Biological Systems 4(8) Historical Overview of Synthetic Anion Receptor Chemistry 12(9) Measurement Methods: Caveats and Limitations 21(1) Summary Remarks 22(5) References 22(5) Classic Charged Non-Metallic Systems 27(104) Polyammoniums 27(33) Acyclic Systems 27(6) Monocyclic Systems 33(15) Bicyclic Systems 48(11) Polycyclic Systems 59(1) Quaternary Ammoniums 60(17) Linear Systems 60(6) Monocyclic Systems 66(5) Polycyclic Systems 71(6) Guanidiniums 77(11) Amidiniums 88(15) Imidazoliums 103(9) Acyclic Systems 103(5) Cyclic Systems 108(4) Thiouronium 112(5) Summary Remarks 117(14) References 118(13) Protonated Expanded Porphyrins and Linear Analogues 131(40) Introduction 131(1) Cyclic Systems 132(29) Tetrapyrrolic Systems 132(4) Pentapyrrolic Systems 136(14) Hexapyrrolic Systems 150(4) Oligopyrrolic Systems 154(3) Imine Linked Receptors and Other Related Systems 157(4) Linear Receptors 161(5) Summary Remarks 166(5) References 166(5) Neutral Non-Metallic Systems 171(56) Amide-Based Anion Receptors 171(15) Acyclic Systems 171(6) Cyclic Systems 177(6) Calixarene and Steroid-Based Systems 183(3) Peptide-Based Receptors 186(7) Urea-Based Anion Receptors 193(12) Acyclic Systems 193(7) Cyclic Systems 200(2) Receptors Based on Calixarene and Steroid Backbones 202(3) Alcohol-Based Anion Receptors 205(5) Hybrid Receptors 210(7) Amide-Urea Systems 210(3) Urea-Alcohol Systems 213(1) Alcohol-Amide Systems 214(2) Amide-Hydroxy-Urea Systems 216(1) Other Systems 217(3) Summary Remarks 220(7) References 220(7) Neutral Pyrrole Systems 227(32) Introduction 227(1) Cyclic Receptors 227(24) Extended Cavity Systems 232(2) Higher Order Systems 234(10) Strapped Systems and other Related Receptors 244(7) Linear Receptors 251(5) Summary Remarks 256(3) References 256(3) Receptors for Ion-Pairs 259(35) Introduction 259(2) Ditopic Receptors 261(17) Cascade Complexes 278(5) Receptors for Zwitterions 283(4) Dual-Host Extraction of Salts 287(3) Summary Remarks 290(4) References 290(4) Metal and Lewis Acid-Based Receptors 294(26) Lewis Acidic Receptors 294(13) Metals as Organizers 307(8) Other Anion Receptors Containing Metals 315(1) Summary Remarks 316(4) References 316(4) Sensors 320(50) Introduction 320(1) Devices that Employ Anion-Selective Membranes 320(7) Discrete Molecular Electrochemical-Anion Sensors 327(12) Discrete Molecular Optical Anion Sensors 339(17) Displacement Assays 356(4) Assays Based on Deaggregation Phenomena 360(1) Summary Remarks 361(9) References 363(7) Anion-Controlled Assembly and Template-Based Synthesis 370(32) Introduction 370(1) Halide-Controlled Assemblies 370(13) Oxyanion-Directed Assemblies 383(9) Polyfluoro-Anion Directed Assemblies 392(7) Summary Remarks 399(3) References 399(3) Afterword 402(2) Subject Index 404