At America's Gates : Chinese Immigration During the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943

Introduction 1(18) PART I. CLOSING THE GATES 19(56) The Chinese Are Coming. How Can We Stop Them? Chinese Exclusion and the Origins of American Gatekeeping 23(24) The Keepers of the Gate: U.S. Immigration Officials and Chinese Exclusion 47(28) PART II. AT AMERICA'S GATES 75(72) Exclusion Acts: Race, Class, Gender, and Citizenship in the Enforcement of the Exclusion Laws 77(34) One Hundred Kinds of Oppressive Laws: The Chinese Response to American Exclusion 111(36) PART III. CRACKS IN THE GATE 147(74) Enforcing the Borders: Chinese Exclusion along the U.S.-Canadian and U.S.-Mexican Borders 151(38) The Crooked Path: Chinese Illegal Immigration and Its Consequences 189(32) PART IV. THE CONSEQUENCES AND LEGACIES OF EXCLUSION 221(24) In the Shadow of Exclusion: The Impact of Exclusion on the Chinese in America 223(22) Epilogue: Echoes of Exclusion in the Late Twentieth Century 245(8) Afterword: Following September 11, 2001 253(4) Notes 257(38) Bibliography 295(16) Acknowledgments 311(4) Index 315