Smith, Chris Smith; Dawson, Maureen; Wood, Ed; Ahmed, Nessar

Biology of Disease

Preface xvii Glossary xix The Nature and Investigation of Diseases 1(24) Introduction 1(1) Characteristic Features of Diseases 2(4) Etiology 2(1) Pathogenesis 3(1) Manifestations of Diseases 4(1) Outcome of a Disease 5(1) Classification of Diseases 6(1) Epidemiology of Disease 7(1) Investigating Diseases 8(1) Types of Pathology Laboratories 9(1) Role of Hospital Laboratory Tests 10(4) Hospital Laboratory Tests 14(2) Evaluation of Laboratory Tests 16(1) Reference Ranges 17(1) Quality of Test Results and Clinical Auditing 18(3) Summary 21(4) Further Reading 22(3) Pathogens and Virulence 25(16) Introduction 25(1) Types of Pathogens 26(7) Prions 26(1) Viruses 27(3) Bacteria 30(1) Protozoa, Fungi and Helminths 30(1) Arthropods and Vertebrates 31(2) Virulence Factors 33(4) Defensive Virulence Factors 33(1) Offensive Virulence Factors 34(3) Course of Infection 37(1) Summary 38(3) Further Reading 39(2) Infectious Diseases and Treatments 41(32) Introduction 41(1) Infections of the Skin 42(1) Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Central Nervous System 42(2) Infections of the Respiratory System 44(2) Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 46(2) Infections of the Urogenital System 48(5) Sepsis and Systemic Infections 53(1) Investigating Infectious Diseases 54(5) Culture 54(1) Serological Tests 55(1) Biochemical and Molecular Biological Techniques 56(3) Preventing Infectious Diseases 59(1) Controlling the Spread of Pathogens 60(1) Treatment of Infectious Diseases 60(9) Antiviral Drugs 60(1) Antibacterial Drugs 61(3) Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Drugs 64(2) Combination Therapy 66(1) Surgery 66(3) Summary 69(4) Further Reading 70(3) The Immune System 73(26) Introduction 73(1) Types of Immune Defense 74(1) Nonspecific Defenses 74(5) Interferons 74(1) Complement 75(1) Nonspecific Cells 75(2) Mononuclear Leukocytes 77(1) Inflammation and the Acute Phase Response 77(2) Specific Immune Responses 79(7) Roles of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity 80(1) Humoral Immunity 80(5) Cell-Mediated Immunity 85(1) Small Lymphocytes 86(1) Production of a Specific Immune Response 87(8) Humoral Immunity 89(6) Summary 95(4) Further Reading 97(2) Disorders of the Immune System 99(28) Introduction 99(1) Immunodeficiency Diseases 100(10) Primary Immunodeficiency Disease 100(10) Autoimmune Disorders 110(8) Classification of Autoimmune Disorders 110(1) Autoimmune Disorders Affecting Endocrine Glands 111(2) Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease 113(1) Myasthenia Gravis 114(1) Rheumatoid Arthritis 115(1) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 116(2) Immunological Hypersensitivity 118(5) Type I Hypersensitivity 118(3) Type II Hypersensitivity 121(1) Type III Hypersensitivity 121(1) Type IV Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 122(1) Summary 123(4) Further Reading 125(2) Transfusion and Transplantation 127(30) Introduction 127(1) Blood and Blood Products for Transfusion 128(1) The Discovery of the Blood Group Systems 129(3) The ABO Blood Group System (ISBT 001) 132(3) The Antigens of the ABO System 133(1) Antibodies of the ABO Blood Group System 134(1) Consequences of ABO Incompatible Transfusions 134(1)