Black Elk : Colonialism and Lakota Catholicism

Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1(4) 1. The Story of Black Elk 5(17) Uncovering the Historical Black Elk 8(5) The Essentialist Black Elk or the Catholic Black Elk? 13(2) Postcolonialism and Post-Western Christianity 15(3) Relocating the Black Elk Debate 18(4) 2. Missionaries, Colonialism, and the Internal Dynamic 22(29) Lakota Language and the Jesuit Missionaries 27(5) Religious Conflict and Correlation 32(4) Social Organization and Catholicism 36(1) Humanity of the Lakota and the "Lakotization" of the Missionaries 37(5) Economic Factors 42(2) Political Ambiguity 44(2) Explicit Dissidence 46(2) Evaluation: Forging a Third Way 48(3) 3. Traditionals and Christian Conversion 51(21) The American Indian Movement and the Urban Lakota 54(1) Fools Crow and Other Traditionals 55(3) Americanization and the Rejection of Christianity 58(2) Differing Interpretations of the Sun Dance 60(2) Symbolic Ethnicity, Lakota Speakers, and the Internal Dynamic 62(6) Outsider and Insider Views of Black Elk's Catholicism 68(4) 4. Redescribing the Lakota World 72(19) The Internal Dynamic of Black Elk's Conversion 80(1) Violence and the Lakota Tradition 81(1) The Christian Claim of Universality 82(1) Lakota Tradition and the Old Testament 83(2) Wakan Tanka and the Christian God 85(2) Fools Crow: The Black Elk Tradition Embodied 87(2) Retelling the Story: Black Elk's Agency 89(2) 5. Black Elk's Vision: The Incarnation of the Lakota Christ 91(42) Multiple-Source Evidence of Biblical Themes in the Black Elk Sources 94(3) Black Elk's Great Vision 97(28) The Prayer at Harney Peak 125(8) 6. Misinterpreting the Vision 133(25) Neihardt's Cultural Limitations 135(4) The Historical Context: The Great Depression 139(1) Financial Concerns 140(2) The Third-World Tourist Industry-A Model of Neihardt's Project 142(3) The Wild West Show and the Duhamel Pageant as Tourism 145(3) Black Elk: The Focus of Cultural Tourism 148(2) Black Elk Responds to Black Elk Speaks 150(5) The Great Depression Compromise 155(3) 7. Colonialism and the Lakota Catholic Black Elk 158(21) Colonial Sources of the Essentialist Black Elk 162(4) The Rastafari Appropriation of the Christian Narrative 166(2) William Apess's Appropriation of the Christian Narrative 168(3) Black Elk, Catholicism, and Colonialism 171(5) The Lakota World and the Christian Narrative 176(3) Conclusion 179(4) Bibliography 183(6) Index 189