Black Protest and the Great Migration : A Brief History with Documents

Foreword iii Preface v PART ONE Introduction: ``The Great American Protest'' 1(44) Origins of the Great Migration 1(6) Wartime Opportunities in the North 7(4) The Promised Land? 11(7) Wartime Black Leaders, the New Negro, and Grassroots Politics 18(11) Racial Violence and the Postwar Reaction to Black Activism 29(6) Consequences of the Migration 35(10) PART TWO The Documents 45(168) The Great Migration Begins 45(22) Why They Left: Conditions in the South 46(12) The Migration of Negroes, June 1917 46(4) W. E. B. Du Bois The Negro Exodus: A Southern Woman's View, March 18, 1917 50(4) Mary DeBardeleben How Much Is the Migration a Flight from Persecution? September 1923 54(4) Charles S. Johnson White Southerners Respond to the Migration 58(3) 1100 Negroes Desert Savannah, Georgia, August 11, 1916 58(1) McDowell Times New Orleans Times-Picayune, Luring Labor North, August 22, 1916 59(2) Southern Blacks' Warnings about Migration 61(3) Negroes Urged to Remain in South, November 25, 1916 61(1) J. A. Martin Negro Migration, August 1, 1917 62(2) Percy H. Stone Letters from Migrants 64(3) Documents: Letters of Negro Migrants, 1916-1918 64(3) The Promised Land? 67(20) ``The Truth about the North'' 67(11) Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Arrival in Chicago, 1922 67(5) Southwestern Christian Advocate, Read This Before You Move North, April 5, 1917 72(2) Negroes a Source of Industrial Labor, August 1918 74(4) Dwight Thompson Farnham The East St. Louis Riot 78(9) New Orleans Times-Picayune, The Negro in the North, June 4, 1917 78(2) Crisis, The Massacre of East St. Louis, September 1917 80(5) Thousands March in Silent Protest, August 4, 1917 85(2) Chicago Defender The Evolution of Black Politics 87(41) Patriotism and Military Service 88(10) The Reverend J. Edward Pryor, The Patriotism of the Negro, May 4, 1917 88(1) Close Ranks, July 1918 89(1) W. E. B. Du Bois The New Republic, Negro Conscription, October 20, 1917 90(3) Protest to Boston Herald, April 20, 1918 93(1) Leon A. Smith Houston: An NAACP Investigation, November 1917 94(2) Martha Gruening Racial Clashes, July 26, 1919 96(2) Savannah Tribune The Emergence of the New Negro during and after the War 98(25) League Asks Full Manhood Rights, May 19, 1917 98(1) Cleveland Gazette Crisis, The Heart of the South, May 1917 99(4) Reconstruction and the Negro, February 1919 103(3) Mary White Ovington The Messenger, Migration and Political Power, July 1918 106(1) What We Believe, January 1, 1924, and The Principles of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, November 25, 1922 107(6) Marcus Garvey The Messenger, New Leadership for the Negro, May--June 1919 113(2) The Messenger, If We Must Die, September 1919 115(2) The New Negro, June 2, 1920 117(6) Geroid Robinson Black Women, Protest, and the Suffrage 123(5) Colored Federated Clubs of Augusta, Letter to President Woodrow Wilson, May 29, 1918 123(1) New York Age, Campaign for Women Nearing Its Close, November 1, 1917 124(2) Savannah Morning News, Negro Women Seek Permission to Vote, November 3, 1920 126(2) Black Workers and the Wartime Home Front 128(19) Black Men and the Labor Question 129(11) Crisis, Trades Unions, March 1918 129(3) United Mine Workers Journal, From Alabama: Colored Miners Anxious for Organization, June 1, 1916 132(2) The Birmingham Case, 1918 134(4) Raymond Swing New Orleans Times-Picayune, Negro Organizer Tarred, June 14, 1918 138(1) Negro Strikers Return to Work, October 3, 1918 139(1) Birmingham Ledger Black Women and the War 140(7) Houston Labor Journal, Colored Women of Houston Organize, May 6, 1916 140(1) Tampa Morning Tribune, Negro Washerwomen to Have Union Wage Scale, October 10, 1918 141(1) Mobile Register, Workers Strike in Laundries to Get Higher Pay, April 23, 1918 141(2) Mobile News-Item, Negro Women Are Under Arrest in Laundry Strike, April 25, 1918 143(1) Tampa Morning Tribune, Negro Women Living in Idleness Must Go to Work or to Jail, October 17, 1918 144(1) Savannah Tribune, Negroes to Demand Work at Charleston Navy Yard, May 19, 1917 145(2) Opportunities and Obstacles in the Postwar Era 147(33) An Uncertain Future 147(19) Views and Reviews: Now Comes the Test, November 23, 1918 147(4) James W. Johnson Reconstruction and the Colored Woman, January 1919 151(3) Forrester B. Washington Letters from the U.S. Department of Labor Case Files, 1919 154(5) George E. Haynes William B. Wilson Sidney J. Catts Bogalusa, January 1920 159(5) Mary White Ovington Colored Labor Delegation Demands Rights in Alabama, February 28, 1920 164(1) Chicago Whip Negroes in the Unions, August 1925 165(1) George Schuyler 1919 Riots 166(6) The Rights of the Black Man, August 2, 1919 166(2) Washington Bee Jackson (Mississippi) Daily News, Race Riots in Chicago, July 28, 1919 168(1) Chicago in the Nation's Race Strife, August 9, 1919 169(3) Graham Taylor The Elaine Massacre 172(8) Newport News Times-Herald, Slowly Restore Order Today in Riot Districts, October 3, 1919 172(1) The Race Conflict in Arkansas, December 13, 1919 173(4) Walter F. White Pittsburgh Courier, How the Arkansas Peons Were Freed, July 28, 1923 177(3) Postwar Migration 180(33) Heading South? or Coming North? 181(9) Jackson (Mississippi) Daily News, ``Chi'' Negroes Ask to Return to Mississippi, August 1, 1919 181(1) Tampa Morning Tribune, Negroes Who Come to South Are Better Off, August 24, 1919, and Find the Southern Negro Prosperous, October 5, 1919 182(2) Why Southern Negroes Don't Go South, November 29, 1919 184(5) T. Arnold Hill Buffalo American, Mighty Exodus Continues; Cause Not Economic, July 22, 1920 189(1) Building a New Life in the North 190(8) These ``Colored'' United States, December 1923 190(3) Charles S. Johnson Negro Migration: Its Effect on Family and Community Life in the North, October 1924 193(5) George E. Haynes The New Negro and the Harlem Renaissance 198(6) The New Negro, 1925 198(6) Alain Locke APPENDIXES Chronology of Events Related to the Great Migration (1865--1925) 204(2) Questions for Consideration 206(1) Selected Bibliography 207(6) Index 213