Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America

List of Tables x List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xxi PART I. INTRODUCTION AND ARGUMENTS 1 Patterns of Business Politics in Latin America 3(17) Variations in Business Organization 3(6) Explaining Collective Action by Business 9(4) Unpacking Civil Society, Democracy, and State Capacity 13(2) The Plan and Methods 15(5) 2 States and Collective Action 20(39) Olson's Uneven Legacy 20(2) The Undertheorized State 22(4) Why State Actors Organize Business 26(5) How State Actors Organize Business 31(5) Labor Unions, Property Rights, and Defensive Encompassing Organization 36(3) Geographic Factors: Country Size and Regional Concentration 39(4) Corporate Factors: Concentration, MNCs, and Conglomeration (or Why Sectoral Analysis Is So Problematic) 43(8) Macropolitical Factors: Development Strategies, Regime Type, and Party Systems 51(3) Conclusion 54(5) PART II. CASES AND COMPARISONS 3 From State to Societal Corporatism in Mexico 59(34) Introduction 59(1) The Construction of State Corporatism 60(6) Some Early Autonomous Associations 66(3) The Developmental State Reinforced Corporatism and Personal Networks 69(4) Exclusion, Threats, and Independent Encompassing Organization 73(3) CMHN: An Executive Committee of the Bourgeoisie 76(5) The Consolidation of an Encompassing Peak Association 81(7) The Twilight of State Corporatism 88(3) Summary and Conclusions 91(2) 4 From Corporatism to Reorganized Disarticulation in Brazil 93(35) Introduction 93(4) Strong Industry Associations Emerged under Vargas 97(8) Collective Action against Goulart: Effective but Ephemeral 105(3) Distortions and Fragmentation in Business Representation under Military Rule 108(4) Active but Not Organized: Business Opposition to Military Rule in the 1970's 112(2) New Voluntary Encompassing Associations 114(6) Circumventing Corporatism through Mass Mobilization and Internal Reform 120(4) Conclusions and Comparisons 124(4) 5 Business in Colombia: Well Organized and Well Connected 128(24) Introduction 128(3) Federaca fe: State Actors Dissolved Obstacles to Collective Action in the 1920's 131(8) ANDI Developed Institutional Capacity and Encompassing Representation 139(6) Economy-Wide Coordination and the Creation of the Consejo Gremial 145(3) Political Portfolios: Parties, Circulation, and Associations 148(2) Conclusions 150(2) 6 Consultation and Contention in the Making of Cooperative Capitalism in Chile 152(21) Introduction 152(2) From Depression to Consultative ISI 154(8) Government Reformism Strengthened Encompassing Associations, 1964-1973 162(2) From Demobilization to Remobilization under Military Dictatorship, 1973-1989 164(3) Democratization and Business Politics in the 1990's 167(3) Conclusions 170(3) 7 Business Politics in Argentina: Fragmented and Politicized 173(36) Introduction 173(2) Agriculture and Industry Developed Strong Associations before Peron 175(2) Peron Politicized Business Representation, 1946-1983 177(6) Other Encompassing Associations and Patterns of Elite Circulation 183(7) Redemocratization and Continued Weakness in Business Organization, 1983-2000 190(4) Conclusions on the Argentine Case 194(3) Broader Comparisons 197(7) Institutional Formation and Change 204(5) PART III. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 8 Economic Governance and Varieties of Capitalism 209(32) The Discrete Charms of the Organized Bourgeoisie 209(3) Concerted Macroeconomic Coordination 212(4) Coordinated Policy Reform 216(5) Trade Negotiations and Regional Integration 221(9) Further Issues in Sectoral Governance 230(4) Theoretical Implications: Individuals and Organizations in the Microeconomics of Collective Action 234(7) 9 Democracy and Varieties of Civil Society 241(22) Business Associations and Democracy: A Checkered Past 241(3) Representation and Interest Intermediation 244(2) Contestation, Accountability, and Transparency 246(4) Governability and Unburdening 250(3) Disaggregating Civil Societies and Their Effects 253(4) States, Civil Society, and Dilemmas of Democracy 257(6) Appendix A. Background Information on Major Business Associations 263(12) Appendix B. Interviews 275(5) Appendix C. Conversions 280(1) References 281(24) Index 305