Challenging Gender Norms : Five Genders Among Bugis in Indonesia

FOREWORD ix PREFACE xii 1 Introduction: First Forays into Fieldwork 1(14) Field Site 5(4) Methodology and the Research Process 9(3) Language 12(3) 2 This Thing Called Gender 15(15) Independence Day: A Prelude 15(3) Thoughts on Gender 18(2) Gendered Bodies 20(3) Fate, Spirit, and the X Factor 23(2) Playing out Gender 25(1) Erotic Desire 26(3) Conclusion 29(1) 3 The Importance of Being Gendered 30(18) Is Gender Important? 30(5) Gender Ideals 35(11) Conclusion 46(1) Endnotes 47(1) 4 Female Transgendering 48(13) A Crem-Bath: A Prelude 48(2) A Cloistered Identity 50(2) Calalai Gender 52(5) Sexuality 57(1) Community Reactions 58(2) Conclusion 60(1) Note 60(1) 5 Male Transgendering 61(21) Yulia's Birthday: A Prelude 61(2) Male Femininity 63(6) Calabai Gender 69(5) Social Perceptions 74(6) Conclusion 80(2) 6 Androgynous Shamans 82(21) A Bissu Ceremony: A Prelude 82(2) Who are Bissu? 84(4) Bissu Constitution 88(2) Bissu Rites of Passage 90(2) Bissu Life 92(4) Proving Possession 96(2) Being Bissu in a Muslim Society 98(3) Conclusion 101(1) Endnotes 102(1) 7 A Journey through Two Indonesian Weddings 103(28) A Wedding in Jakarta: Roles of Bissu 104(14) A Wedding in Sengkang: Roles of Calabai 118(11) Conclusion 129(2) 8 Conclusion: Five Genders 131(6) REFERENCES 137(6) GLOSSARY 143(4) INDEX 147