China and the Great War : China's Pursuit Of A New National Identity And Internationalization

List of illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Note on romanization xiv Introduction 1(18) China's Great War: an unwritten chapter in world history 3(3) International history in the study of Chinese national identity 6(3) The Great War in Chinese history 9(2) The tragedy and paradoxes of the war in China and the world 11(8) Part I The stage is set 1 China's preparation for entry into the international system 19(30) The clash of two world orders 20(5) From China as Middle Kingdom to China as nation-state 25(5) National identity and reshaping Chinese memory 30(6) The rise of a new public 36(4) The 1911 Revolution and the sense of a new China 40(9) 2 The rise of Chinese internationalism and the new diplomacy 49(32) Nationalism and the blossoming of Chinese public opinion 50(7) Nationalism as internationalism 57(7) China's foreign policy public 64(4) The advent of the new diplomacy 68(6) A new world order as ideal and reality: the coming of the Great War 74(7) Part II China attempts to join the war 3 Chinese responses to the outbreak of war 81(33) "Weiji" and China's initial response 81(12) The Twenty-one Demands and their impact 93(5) The drive to attend the postwar peace conference 98(8) China again attempts to join the war 106(8) 4 "Using laborers as soldiers" - China's alternative strategy 114(41) The "laborers as soldiers" program 114(3) The French mission 117(5) The British mission 122(4) The numbers issue 126(5) A comparison of the French and British recruitment missions 131(6) Competition and conflict among the Allies 137(3) Laborers' contributions to the war effort and to broader Chinese interests 140(15) 5 China's formal entry into the war 155(48) The United States serves as a catalyst 156(8) China's war aims 164(10) Betrayals on many fronts 174(8) Conflicting Allied goals create deadlock 182(21) Part III The Great War in Chinese domestic politics and foreign relations 6 The war within 203(41) The great debate of 1917 204(8) Breakdown of the war policy consensus 212(10) The rise of warlordism feeds political disintegration 222(11) The Great Powers and Chinese politics 233(11) 7 The 1919 Paris Peace Conference and China's search for a new world order 244(34) False dawn: Wilsonianism in China 244(8) China tries to shape the new world order 252(6) Chinese disappointments at Paris 258(13) Significance of the conference for China 271(7) Conclusion 278(5) Appendix 1 Foreign-trained cabinet members in early Republican China 283(1) Appendix 2 List of foreign ministers, 1912-1922 284(1) Select bibliography 285(26) Index 311