China Upside Down - Currency, Society and Ideologies, 1808-1856

Tables, Maps, and Figures xv Abbreviations and Dynasties xix Explanatory Notes xxiii Introduction 1(1) Currency and China 2(12) The Rise and Differentiation of Statecraft Thought 14(9) From High Qing to Late Qing: Global Erosion 23(6) Part I Global Links: Silver and the World A Vulnerable Empire 29(43) The Copper Coin System 30(9) Silver Use from the Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Centuries 39(18) Silver Supply from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries 57(11) Conclusion 68(4) Opium: The Culprit? 72(43) Time, Space, and the Quantity of Silver Outflow 74(13) Silver and Opium in China's Balance of Payments 87(9) Chinese Tea and Silk Exports, 1850--86 96(11) The Global Decrease in Silver and China 107(6) Conclusion 113(2) Disturbance of the Social Order 115(32) Interregional Dimensions 117(7) The Intraregional Rural-Urban Dimensions 124(9) The Crisis of the Qing State 133(8) Conclusion 141(6) Part II Cultural Resources for Economic Debates Monetary Debates and Policies 147(33) Wang Liu's Proposals 149(3) General Responses to Wang Liu's Book 152(2) Wang Liu's Dialogue with Bao Shichen and Chen Shan 154(5) Criticism from Wei Yuan and Xu Mei 159(5) Further Monetary Discourse 164(8) Monetary Policies Taken 172(6) Conclusion 178(2) Chinese Inspiration and Western Comparison 180(23) Negligible Foreign Intellectual Influence 181(2) A Flexible Tradition of Economic Ideology 183(6) Western Comparisons 189(8) Conclusion 197(6) Part III The Competition Among Intellectual Models The Social Theories of the Two Statecraft Groups 203(25) Perceptions of Human Nature 206(3) Concepts of the State 209(2) State Versus Heaven or the Sages 211(2) State Power Versus Market Force 213(2) Commerce, Trade, and Consumption 215(3) Private Property 218(3) Historical Change 221(5) Conclusion 226(2) Classical Studies, Writing Styles, and Statecraft Thought 228(33) Statecraft Scholars' Practical Interests 229(10) Intellectual Inclination 239(18) Conclusion 257(4) The Temporary Victory of the Accommodationist Stance 261(24) Acceptance of Accommodationist Economic Proposals 262(3) Interventionist Policies in the Self-Strengthening Period 265(5) Changes in Intellectual Currents 270(2) The Currency Crisis and the Accommodationist Inclination 272(6) The Late Nineteenth-Century Crisis and the Interventionist Bent 278(3) Conclusion 281(4) Conclusion 285(30) The Seriousness of the Silver Outflow 285(2) The World Economy and China's Dynastic Decline 287(10) Statecraft Thought and Social Realities 297(11) ``Aborted Capitalism?'' 308(7) Reference Matter Bibliography 315(32) Index 347