Citizenship - The Rise and Decline of a Modern Concept

Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1. Before Citizenship: Inclusion and Exclusion in Ancien Regime Europe 9 Contexts for the Definition of Formal Citizenship 10 Political Rights in the Ancien Regime 15 Economic Rights in a Society of Orders and Estates 17 Local Social Support and the Problem of Mobility 21 2. The Revolutionary Moment and the Invention of Citizenship 27 Federal Republican Citizenship: The United States 28 Centralized Republican Citizenship: France 37 Monarchical Citizenship I: The United Kingdom 42 Monarchical Citizenship II: German States 43 Inventing the Modern Passport? Travel Controls in the Revolutionary Era 46 The Curious Absence of the Work Permit 50 Poor Citizens or Paupers? 51 Civic Universalism? Citizenship in the Revolutionary Era 53 3. Experimenting with Citizenship in a Liberal Era (1815-1870's) 56 Political Citizenship in a Post-Revolutionary World 57 Systematizing Formal Citizenship 61 Passports and Migration Control: Rank before Citizenship 71 An International Market in Free Labour 75 Poor Relief versus Markets 80 Citizenship, Race and Rank in the Liberal Era 85 4. The Ethnic Redefinition of Citizenship (1870's-1918) 89 Ethnic Citizenship and Political Power 90 The Rise of Scientific Migration Control 96 Citizens' Preference or Free (Labour) Markets? 101 Insurance and Social Citizenship 106 National Homogeneity, Heredity and Class 112 The First World War 118 5. Engineering Populations (1919-1945) 124 From War to Peace 125 Women's Rights, Descent and Expatriation as Punishment 126 Politics of the Ballot and Politics of the Street 137 Entry Permits, Work Permits and 'Immigration Status' 144 Inclusion and Exclusion in the Emerging Welfare State 155 Racial Categorization in Wartime 163 6. The Demise of Ethnic Citizenship (1945-1960's) 166 Formal Citizenship: Change through Continuity 168 Political Citizenship in the Age of Parties 177 Migration Control in an Age of Prosperity 182 Social Citizenship in Post-War Welfare States 194 The Demise of Scientific Racism 200 7. Citizenship, Individualism and Globalization (1970's-2000's) 202 Change and Continuity in Formal Citizenship 204 Political Citizenship in Decline? 213 Tracking Immigrants and Managing Employment: Markets versus Planning 217 The Demise of Social Citizenship? 223 Conclusion: Citizenship a Concept in Decline? 228 Notes 233 Select Bibliography 286 Index 289