Combustion Instabilities in Gas Turbine Engines : Operational Experience, Fundamental Mechanisms, and Modeling

Preface xiii I. Overview Combustion Instabilities: Basic Concepts 3(26) Ben T. Zinn Timothy C. Lieuwen Introduction 3(2) Historical Overview 5(3) Causes of Instabilities 8(8) Growth and Saturation of Instabilities 16(6) Conclusion 22(2) References 24(5) II. Case Studies Combustion Instabilities in Industrial Gas Turbines: Solar Turbines' Experience 29(14) Kenneth O. Smith James Blust Introduction 29(1) Lean Premixed Combustion System Configurations and Operating Conditions 30(3) Commercial Introduction at 42 ppmv NOx 33(2) Emissions Reduction to 25 ppmv NOx 35(2) Combustor Pressure Oscillation Model 37(1) Centaur CPO Reduction 37(1) Mars CPO Reduction 38(2) Recent Experience 40(1) Conclusion: Needs and Future Challenges 40(1) References 41(2) Incorporation of Combustion Instability Issues into Design Process: GE Aeroderivative and Aero Engines Experience 43(22) H. C. Mongia T. J. Held G. C. Hsiao R. P. Pandalai Introduction 43(2) Fundamental Causes of Combustion Dynamics 45(1) Control Strategies 45(1) Examples of Combustion Dynamics 46(5) Combustion--Acoustic Modeling 51(6) Acoustic Modeling Results 57(4) Conclusion 61(1) References 61(4) Combustion Instability and Its Passive Control: Rolls-Royce Aeroderivative Engine Experience 65(24) Tomas Scarinci Overview of the Trent 60 Aeroderivative 66(2) Oscillatory Combustion in the Trent 60 DLE 68(19) Combustion System Design Modifications 87(1) Acknowledgments 87(1) References 88(1) Thermoacoustic Design Tools and Passive Control: Siemens Power Generation Approaches 89(24) Werner Krebs Sven Bethke Joachim Lepers Patrick Flohr Bernd Prade Cliff Johnson Stan Sattinger Introduction 89(1) Siemens Gas-Turbine Products 89(1) Phenomenological Description 90(3) Solution Methods 93(7) Application 100(10) Conclusion 110(1) References 111(2) Characterization and Control of Aeroengine Combustion Instability: Pratt & Whitney and NASA Experience 113(34) Jeffrey M. Cohen William Proscia John DeLaat Introduction 113(2) Engine Combustion Instability 115(1) Engine Acoustic Analysis 116(2) Fuel Injector--Air Swirler Dynamic Response 118(9) Subscale Combustor Experiment 127(8) Active-Control Demonstration 135(8) Conclusion 143(1) Acknowledgments 144(1) References 144(3) Monitoring of Combustion Instabilities: Calpine's Experience 147(16) Jesse B. Sewell Peter A. Sobieski Introduction 147(1) Combustion-Dynamics Monitoring System 148(3) General Instability Characteristics and Tuning Considerations 151(2) Detrimental Impacts of Combustion Dynamics 153(1) CDM for Combustor Health Monitoring: Case Studies 154(8) References 162(1) Monitoring Combustion Instabilities: E.ON UK's Experience 163(16) Catherine J. Goy Stuart R. James Suzanne Rea Introduction 163(1) Why Monitor Combustion Dynamics? 163(1) Description of the On-Line Combustion-Monitoring System 164(1) Benefits of Combustion-Dynamics Monitoring 165(1) Case Studies 166(1) Impact of Ambient Conditions on Dynamic Response 166(1) Impact of Operating Regime on Dynamic Response 167(1) Combustion Liner Failure 168(3) Burner Assembly Failure 171(4) Conclusion 175(1) References 175(4) III. Fundamental Processes and Mechanisms Combustion Instability Mechanisms in Premixed Combustors 179(34) Sebastien Ducruix Thierry Schuller Daniel Durox Sebastien Candel Introduction 179(4) Acoustics for Reacting Flows 183(4) Heat Release as a Pressure Source 187(10) Heat-Release Fluctuations Driven by Waves 197(9) Conclusion 206(1) References 207(6) Flow and Flame Dynamics of Lean Premixed Swirl Injectors 213(64) Ying Huang Shanwu Wang Vigor Yang Introduction 213(3) Cold Flow Characteristics of Swirl Injectors 216(34) Flame Dynamics of Axial-Entry Swirl Injector 250(19) Conclusion 269(1) Acknowledgments 270(1) References 270(7) Acoustic-Vortex-Flame Interactions in Gas Turbines 277(38) Suresh Menon Introduction 277(1) Length and Time Scales 278(2) Theoretical Considerations 280(7) Factors Affecting AVF Interactions 287(23) Conclusion 310(1) Acknowledgments 310(1) References 310(5) Physics of Premixed Combustion-Acoustic Wave Interactions 315(54) Timothy C. Lieuwen Introduction 317(1) Background 318(5) Heat-Release Response to Flow and Mixture Perturbations 323(38) Conclusion 361(1) Acknowledgments 362(1) References 362(7) IV. Modeling and Diagnostics Acoustic Analysis of Gas-Turbine Combustors 369(46) Ann P. Dowling Simon R. Stow Introduction 369(2) Linearized Equations of Motion 371(3) One-Dimensional Disturbances 374(15) Modal Solutions 389(5) Application to Gas-Turbine Combustors 394(7) Modal Coupling 401(2) Acoustic Absorbers 403(3) Limit-Cycle Prediction 406(3) Conclusion 409(1) Appendix: Derivation of Eq. (13.41) 410(1) References 411(4) Three-Dimensional Linear Stability Analysis of Gas Turbine Combustion Dynamics 415(30) Danning You Vigor Yang Xiaofeng Sun Introduction 417(1) Theoretical Formulation 418(15) Solution Procedure 433(1) Sample Studies 433(9) Conclusion 442(1) Acknowledgments 442(1) References 442(3) Implementation of Instability Prediction in Design: ALSTOM Approaches 445(36) Christian Oliver Paschereit Bruno Schuermans Valter Bellucci Peter Flohr Introduction 445(2) Network Representation of Thermoacoustic Systems 447(2) Experimental Determination of Transfer Matrices and Source Terms 449(5) Modeling the Burner Transfer Matrix 454(7) Reduced-Order Modeling of Complex Thermoacoustic Systems 461(14) Application to a Gas-Turbine Combustor 475(3) Conclusion 478(1) References 479(2) Experimental Diagnostics of Combustion Instabilities 481(52) Jong Guen Lee Domenic A. Santavicca Introduction 481(1) Pressure Measurements 482(3) Chemiluminescence Measurements 485(15) Infrared-Absorption Measurements 500(6) Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements 506(11) Laser Mie Scattering 517(4) Phase Doppler Particle Analysis 521(1) Conclusion 522(2) Acknowledgments 524(1) References 524(9) V. Combustion Instability Control Passive Control of Combustion Instabilities in Stationary Gas Turbines 533(48) Geo A. Richards Douglas L. Straub Edward H. Robey Introduction 534(1) Control-System Models 534(16) Methods to Improve Combustion Stability 550(10) Acoustic Dampers 560(9) Conclusion 569(1) Acknowledgments 570(1) Appendix 570(5) References 575(6) Factors Affecting the Control of Unstable Combustors 581(30) Jeffrey M. Cohen Pratt Introduction 582(3) Description of the Combustor 585(3) Actuated Fuel Mixing 588(6) Actuation Time Delay 594(7) Fundamental Limitations of Achievable Performance 601(5) Conclusion 606(1) Acknowledgments 606(1) References 607(4) Implementation of Active Control in a Full-Scale Gas-Turbine Combustor 611(24) Jakob Hermann Stefan Hoffmann Introduction 611(2) Implementation of AIC on Siemens-Type Vx4.3A Land-Based Gas Turbines 613(7) Results and Experiences with AIC during Gas-Turbine Operation 620(11) AIC Fault Tolerance and Long-Term Experiences 631(1) Advantages of Active Measures 632(1) Conclusion 632(1) References 633(2) Subject Index 635(22) Author Index 657(2) Supporting Materials 659