Conservation : Linking Ecology, Economics, and Culture

Preface xiii Commonly Used Abbreviations xix The Many Roads to Conservation Introduction 1(1) Principal Threats to Biodiversity 2(1) Why Conserve Nature? Instrumental Values 3(8) The Links between Health and Conservation 9(1) Much More Than Stocks of Wood 10(1) Intrinsic Values 11(4) Ecophilosophies 12(3) The Changing Practice of Conservation: First, Protection 15(1) Man versus Nature: From Hunters to Penitent Butchers 17 Then Resource Management 16(4) Leading to Game Management, Multiple Use, and Broader Conservation Goals 20(2) Early Environmentalists in the Colonies 23 Conclusion 22(5) The Evolution of Policy 27(26) Introduction 27(1) Global Conservation and Protected Areas 28(3) Ancient Royal Forests 29(2) The Limits and Legacies of Protectionism 31(6) Reserves: Their Comings and Goings in Peninsular Malaysia 35(3) Coercive Conservation: Tigers, Lions, Carrots, and Sticks 38 Conservation ``with a Human Face'' 37(7) The Evolution of Biosphere Reserves 40(2) Sustainability---Mere Hopes about the Future 42(1) The Ivory Wars: Debates over Utilization 43(1) The Rise of Community-Based Conservation 44(5) Integrated Conservation and Development in Action: Annapurna 48(1) Imperiled Parks 49(1) Conclusion 50(3) The Natural Science behind it All 53(28) Introduction 53(1) From Natural History Comes Ecology and its Golden Age 54(6) Stability and Equilibrium 57(2) Maximum Sustainable Yield 59(1) Things Get Messy: Disturbance and Disequilibrium 60(7) Stability, Pastoralism, and Opportunism 63(1) Adaptive Management 64(2) Ecological Sustainability: Still a Slippery Term 66(1) A Brave New Science: Conservation Biology 67(3) The Fire-Brigade Discipline Comes of Age 70(5) Conservation Planning 75(4) Prioritizing Conservation Efforts 76(3) Conclusion 79(2) Indigenous Peoples as Conservationists 81(23) Introduction 81(1) Cultural and Biological Diversity 81(1) Cultural and Biological Diversity in Central and Southern America 83 Guardians of Biodiversity 82(7) Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Adaptive Management 86(2) Sacred Groves 88(1) Ecological Impacts of Traditional Ways of Life 89(7) Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Extinctions 90(6) The Long Shadow of an Ecologically Noble Savage 96(5) Transitions in Ecological Noble Savage Thinking 98(2) The Kayapo Controversy 100(1) Revisiting Cultural and Biological Diversity 101(2) Conclusion 103(1) Conservation and Self-Interest 104(25) Introduction 104(1) An Evolutionary Viewpoint 105(2) Design of a Conservation Act 107(3) Prudent Predators? 108(2) An Intention to Conserve 110(1) Family Hunting Territories in Subarctic Canada 112 Ecological Outcomes 111(3) Humans as Top Predators 115 Conservation---Where, When, and Why? 114(4) Selling the Forest for Instant Returns 117(1) Expanding the Toolkit 118(2) Studying Hunting with Hunters in Paraguay's Mbaracayu Reserve 121 Policy Implications 120(5) Evolutionary Aesthetics and the ``Savanna Hypothesis'' 126 Conclusion 125(4) Rational Fools and the Commons 129(27) Introduction 129(1) The Rational Fool Fumbles the Common Good 130(3) Freedom in the Commons Brings Ruin to All 132(1) Commons Classics 133(3) Changes in the Management of the Kenya Orma Commons 137 The Cooperation Game 136(7) Experimental Games in Economics 139(3) Asymmetries among Herders: The Barabaig Case 142(1) Culture, Norms, and Cooperation 143(3) Coordinating the Subaks of Bali 145(1) The Study of Common-Property Institutions 146(3) Property Rights, Management, and Sustainable Outcomes 149(6) Reviving Traditions in Sagarmatha National Park 151(3) Social Forestry: Bihar and Beyond 154(1) Conclusion 155(1) The Bigger Picture 156(25) Introduction 156(1) What is Political Ecology? 157(3) The Hen Has Starting Crowing 161 Tropical Forest Destruction and Population Growth 160(6) IPAT 163(4) Leviathan Rules 167 Biodiversity and its Human Dimensions 166(6) Forest Islands in Guinea: Are They Man-Made? 169(2) Social Ecology 171(1) Community as a Casualty 172(4) Co-Management in a Landscape of Resistance: The Case of Alaska's Yup'ik 177 Where's the Ecology? 176(3) Conclusion 179(2) Local People and International Conservation 181(29) Introduction 181(1) Indigenous Movements and Conservationists 181(4) Chipko: Grassroots Environmentalism with a Sting in its Tail 183(2) Room for Alliance, or Cover for Dalliance? 185(9) Environmentalists Find Common Cause with Rainforest Dayak Peoples 187(4) Enforced Primitivism and the ``Bushman Problem'' 191(2) ``Forget about Gola Forest!'' 193(1) Bioprospecting or Biopiracy? 194(6) Drug Development and Conservation in West and Central Africa 199(1) Green Consumerism 200(3) Conservation through Self-Determination 203(4) Whatever Happened to PEMASKY? 206(1) The View from the Other Side 207(2) Conclusion 209(1) Global Issues, Economics, and Policy 210(28) Introduction 210(1) Ecological Economics and Environmental Valuation 211(7) Does Kenya Profit from Protectionism? Ecological Economic Calculations 216(2) Business---Dancing with the Devil? 218(6) Harnessing the International Market: Innovative Incentive Mechanisms 220(3) The Business of Game Ranching 223(1) Buying a Nature Reserve 224(3) International Policy Initiatives: Who Pays? 227(6) Debt-for-Nature Swaps 231(2) What Are the Rules? 233(4) Conclusion 237(1) From How to Think to How to Act 238(36) Introduction 238(1) Protectionism in the Name of Science 238(3) Protected Area Outreach 241(3) Outreach in Tanzania 243(1) Conservation Education 244(4) The Saint Lucia Parrot's Comeback 245(3) Ecotourism 248(6) Trouble in Paradise? The Galapagos Archipelago 250(4) Integrated Conservation and Development 254(8) ``A Lemur Will Have to Meet You at the Airport'': The ICD Project at Ranomafana 256(5) CAMPFIRE under Fire 261(1) Extractive Reserves 262(5) Extraction and the Maya Biosphere Reserve 264(3) Monitoring and Evaluation 267(5) Conclusion 272(2) Red Flags: Still Seeing Things in Black and White? 274(29) Introduction 274(1) No Development without Tears, and Other Debates 274(5) Working for Water in South Africa 276(3) Integrative and Novel Solutions 279(16) Community-Based Protected Areas 279(2) Flagging the Varzea in Brazil's Mamiraua Reserve 281(1) Dealing with Commerce 282(2) Even in the Last Place on Earth: Exploitation and Conservation in Nouabale Ndoki 284(1) Direct Payments 284(3) Co-management 287(2) Co-management in Australia's Kakadu National Park 289(3) Fisheries Co-management in the Philippines: The Case of San Salvador 292 Participation and Capacity-Building 291(4) Spatial Scale and Integrating Conservation and Development 295(2) Means and Ends: The Many Orthogonal Axes of Conservation in Practice 297(5) Conclusion 302(1) Bibliography 303(38) Index 341