Constitutional Civil Rights in a Nutshell

PREFACE III Chapter I. Introduction 1(6) 1. The Privileges or Immunities Clause 1(2) 2. The Application of the Bill of Rights to the States 3(4) Chapter II. Substantive Due Process 7(33) 3. The Constitutionalization of "Natural Rights" 7(4) From Lochner to Ferguson 7(3) Defects of Lochner 10(1) 4. "Alternatives" to Substantive Due Process 11(4) The Penumbra of the Bill of Rights 11(2) The Ninth Amendment 13(2) 5. The New Substantive Due Process 15(5) Roe v. Wade 15(2) The Distinction Between Personal and Economic Freedoms 17(2) The Standard of Review in Lochner and Roe 19(1) 6. Scope of the New Due Process 20(9) Consensual Homosexuality 22(4) The "Right to Die" 26(3) 7. Post-Roe Restrictions on Abortion 29(11) Consent 29(1) Public Funding 30(3) Informational Requirements 33(1) Webster and Casey 34(6) Chapter III. Procedural Due Process: The Right to Be Heard 40(24) 8. Introduction 40(1) 9. When Due Process Applies 41(5) 10. The Seizure of Property 46(5) 11. Protection of Liberty 51(3) 12. Public Employment 54(3) 13. What Process is Due? 57(3) 14. Irrebuttable Presumptions 60(4) Chapter IV. Equal Protection: Suspect Classifications 64(81) 15. Introduction 64(1) 16. Discrimination Against Racial Minorities 65(5) 17. The Separate-But-Equal Doctrine 70(2) 18. Brown and Its Progeny 72(3) 19. Implementing Brown 75(3) The First Fifteen Years of Deliberate Speed 75(2) "Evasive Schemes 77(1) 20. Swann v. Board of Education 78(11) The Ambiguities of Swann 80(3) Swann's Impact on Northern Schools 83(4) Congressional Reaction to Swann 87(1) State Legislation Against Busing 87(2) 21. Non-Areawide Segregation 89(4) Partial Segregation of a Single District 90(1) Partial Segregation of a Multi-District Area 90(3) 22. De Facto Segregation 93(3) 23. Preferential Treatment of Racial Minorities 96(17) Early Decisions 96(6) From Bakke to Adarand 102(8) General Policy Considerations 110(3) 24. Sex Discrimination 113(18) The Standard of Review 113(9) Compensatory Treatment 122(5) Family Rights 127(2) The Equal Rights Amendment and Unique Physical Characteristics 129(2) 25. Differential Treatment of Indians 131(1) 26. Wealth and Age Classifications 132(2) 27. Discrimination Against Aliens 134(4) 28. Illegitimacy 138(7) Chapter V. Equal Protection: The Focus on Specific Interests 145(39) 29. Introduction 145(1) 30. Voting 146(8) Developing the Standard of Review 146(2) Property Qualifications 148(1) Durational Residence Requirements 149(1) Disqualification for Alleged Crimes 150(1) Ballot Access and Party Affiliation 150(3) Campaign Financing 153(1) 31. The Right to Travel 154(5) 32. Access to Criminal and Civil Justice 159(5) Criminal Appeals 159(3) Civil Justice 162(2) 33. Defining "Fundamental" Interests 164(7) 34. The Requirement of Rationality 171(6) The Traditional Standard 171(1) Variations on the Traditional Rule 172(3) The "Newer Equal Protection 175(2) 35. Reapportionment 177(7) The Rule of Reynolds v. Sims 177(1) Applicability of the Equal-Vote Principle 178(1) Permissible Departures From Mathematical Equality 179(2) Gerrymandering 181(3) Chapter VI. State Action 184(27) 36. Introduction 184(2) 37. The Performance of "Public Functions" 186(8) The White Primary Cases 186(1) Access to Private Property 187(3) The Rationale and Vitality of Public Function Analysis 190(4) 38. Judicial Enforcement of Private Discrimination 194(4) 39. Significant State Involvement 198(13) The Burton Case 198(1) Encouraging or Aiding Private Action 199(7) Regulation and Licensing 206(3) The Elasticity of the Involvement Concept 209(2) Chapter VII. Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights 211(41) 40. Introduction 211(1) 41. Congressional Implementation of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights 212(4) 42. Congressional Modification of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights 216(5) 43. Congressional Power Over Private Discrimination 221(5) 44. Civil Rights Legislation in the Post-Brown Era 226(3) 45. Regulating Discrimination in Employment 229(15) Purposeful Discrimination 229(6) Proof, Remedies and Procedures 235(5) Discriminatory Impact 240(4) 46. The Reconstruction Statutes 244(8) Chapter VIII. Actions Under 42 U.S.C.A. XXX 1983 252(20) 47. Personal Liability 252(6) The Monroe Case 252(2) Official Immunities 254(2) Federal Officials 256(1) Sifting Out Insubstantial Claims 257(1) 48. Municipal Liability 258(4) 49. Protected Interests 262(2) 50. The Relationship Between State Law and 1983 264(4) "Deficiencies" in Federal Law 264(2) Habeas Corpus and Res Judicata 266(1) Release-Dismissal Agreements 267(1) 51. Attorney's Fees 268(4) APPENDIX: SELECTED CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS 272(51) INDEX 323