Gerwick, Ben C.

Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures

Introduction General 1(2) Geography 3(1) Ecological Environment 4(1) Legal Jurisdiction 4(1) Offshore Construction Relationships and Sequences 5(3) Typical Marine Structures and Contracts 8(1) Interaction of Design and Construction 9(6) Physical Environmental Aspects of Marine and Offshore Construction General 15(1) Distances and Depths 15(1) Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy 16(1) Temperature 17(1) Seawater and Sea-Air Interface Chemistry 18(2) Marine Organisms 18(2) Currents 20(5) Waves and Swells 25(6) Winds and Storms 31(3) Tides and Storm Surges 34(2) Rain, Snow, Fog, Spray, Atmospheric Icing, and Lightning 36(1) Sea Ice and Icebergs 37(5) Seismicity, Seaquakes, and Tsunamis 42(1) Floods 43(1) Scour 44(1) Siltation and Bed Loads 44(1) Sabotage and Terrorism 45(1) Ship Traffic 45(1) Fire and Smoke 46(1) Accidental Events 46(1) Global Warming 47(2) Geotechnical Aspects: Seafloor and Marine Soils General 49(3) Dense Sands 52(1) Liquefaction of Soils 52(1) Calcareous Sands 53(1) Glacial Till and Boulders on Seafloor 53(1) Overconsolidated Silts 54(1) Subsea Permafrost and Clathrates 55(1) Weak Arctic Silts and Clays 55(1) Ice Scour and Pingos 56(1) Methane Gas 56(1) Muds and Clays 56(3) Underwater Slopes in Clays 57(1) Pile Driving ``Set-Up'' 58(1) Short-Term Bearing Strength 58(1) Dredging 58(1) Sampling 58(1) Penetration 59(1) Consolidation of Clays; Improvement in Strength 59(1) Coral and Similar Biogenic Soils; Cemented Soils, Cap Rock 59(1) Unconsolidated Sands 60(2) Underwater Sand Dunes (``Megadunes'') 62(1) Bedrock Outcrops 62(1) Cobbles 63(1) Deep Gravel Deposits 64(1) Seafloor Oozes 64(1) Seafloor Instability and Slumping; Turbidity Currents 64(1) Scour and Erosion 65(1) Concluding Remarks 66(3) Ecological and Societal Impacts of Marine Construction General 69(1) Oil and Petroleum Products 69(1) Toxic Chemicals 70(1) Contaminated Soils 71(1) Construction Wastes 71(1) Turbidity 71(1) Sediment Transport, Scour, and Erosion 72(1) Air Pollution 72(1) Marine Life: Mammals and Birds, Fish, and Other Biota 73(1) Aquifers 74(1) Noise 74(1) Highway, Rail, Barge, and Air Traffic 75(1) Protection of Existing Structures 75(2) Liquefaction 77(1) Safety of the Public and Third-Party Vessels 77(1) Archaeological Concerns 78(1) Materials and Fabrication for Marine Structures General 79(1) Steel Structures for the Marine Environment 79(12) Steel Materials 80(1) Fabrication and Welding 80(5) Erection of Structural Steel 85(3) Coatings and Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures 88(3) High Performance Steels 91(1) Structural Concrete 91(17) General 91(1) Concrete Mixes and Properties 91(4) High Performance Concrete--- ``Flowing Concrete'' 95(1) Structural Low-Density Concrete 96(1) Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) 97(1) Conveyance and Placement of Concrete 97(1) Curing 98(1) Steel Reinforcement 98(4) Prestressing Tendons and Accessories 102(3) Embedments 105(1) Coatings for Marine Concrete 106(1) Construction Joints 106(1) Forming and Support 107(1) Tolerances 108(1) Hybrid Steel-Concrete Structures 108(3) Hybrid Structures 109(1) Composite Construction 109(2) Plastics and Synthetic Materials, Composites 111(2) Titanium 113(1) Rock, Sand, and Asphaltic-Bituminous Materials 114(3) Marine and Offshore Construction Equipment General 117(1) Basic Motions in a Seaway 118(2) Buoyancy, Draft, and Freeboard 120(1) Stability 121(3) Damage Control 124(2) Barges 126(4) Crane Barges 130(4) Offshore Derrick Barges (Fully Revolving) 134(3) Semisubmersible Barges 137(3) Jack-Up Construction Barges 140(4) Launch Barges 144(2) Catamaran Barges 146(1) Dredges 147(5) Pipe-Laying Barges 152(3) Supply Boats 155(1) Anchor-Handling Boats 156(1) Towboats 156(1) Drilling Vessels