Criminal Justice in England And the United States

Dedication vii Acknowledgements ix An Introduction to Comparative Criminal Justice Research 3(6) Introduction 3(1) Rationale for Studying the Criminal Justice System of England 4(1) Organization of the Text 5(4) The English Cultural Heritage and Government System 9(24) Introduction 9(1) England as Part of the United Kingdom 10(4) The English Cultural Heritage 14(2) Social and Economic Issues 16(5) Governmental Framework 21(4) Conclusion 25(8) English Criminal Law 33(30) Introduction 33(1) Source and Structure of English Criminal Law 34(2) Substantive English Criminal Law 36(8) The Regulation of Consensual Sexual Activity in England 44(6) The Regulation of Gambling in England 50(4) Conclusion 54(9) The English Crime Problem 63(36) Introduction 63(1) Sources of Crime Data 64(1) Methodological Problems 65(1) Crimes Reported to the Police 66(1) Definitional Issues: Past and Present 67(1) The United States 68(3) England 71(2) Criminal Statistics Compared 73(6) The National Crime Victimization Survey 79(8) Comparison 87(2) Crimes Reported to Survey Interviewers 89(1) Conclusion 90(9) The History and Organization of the Police 99(18) Introduction 99(1) A History of English Policing 100(6) Twentieth-Century Policing in England 106(1) Conclusion 107(10) The Modern English Police 117(40) Introduction 117(1) Current Structure and Organization 118(2) Recruitment and Training 120(6) Recruitment of Women and Minority Police Constables 126(3) Police Powers and Procedures 129(7) The Police in a Correctional Role 136(2) The Public Image of the Police 138(2) New Directions for the Police in the Twenty-First Century 140(1) Conclusion 141(16) The Criminal Courts, Judges, and Lawyers 157(28) Introduction 157(1) Structure and Jurisdiction of the Courts 158(3) The Judges 161(4) The Lawyers 165(4) Lawyers for the Prosecution 169(4) Lawyers for the Defense 173(3) Conclusion 176(9) The Court Process 185(38) Introduction 186(1) Outline of the Court Process 186(1) Special Features of the English Court Process 187(1) Pretrial Release 188(2) Cases Triable-Either-Way 190(2) Committal Proceedings 192(1) The Exclusion of Illegally Obtained Evidence 193(2) Guilty Pleas and Plea Bargaining 195(2) Juries 197(3) Sentencing 200(8) Miscarriages of Justice 208(1) Conclusion 209(14) The Development of Confinement and Corrections in England 223(24) Introduction 223(1) The Early History of Punishment 224(4) The Move Toward Public Displays of Punishment 228(1) Examples of Medieval Punishment 229(1) Early Penal Reformers 230(1) Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Corrections in England 231(2) Elizabeth Fry, Reformer 233(1) Prisons of the Nineteenth Century 234(1) Alexander Maconochie and Walter Crofton 235(1) Return to Punishment 236(1) The Death Penalty in England 237(1) Conclusion 238(9) The Organization and Operations of Corrections 247(44) Introduction 247(1) The Twentieth Century 248(3) Philosophical Foundations of the Present Corrections System 251(1) Current Organization and Administration of Corrections in England 252(6) The Prisons of Today 258(9) Alternatives to Incarceration 267(5) The National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO) 272(1) Conclusion: The Challenges of the Future for Corrections in England 273(18) Terrorism 291(30) Introduction 291(1) Legislating Against Terrorism 292(2) Terrorism in England: A Brief History 294(5) Terrorism Legislation 299(14) Conclusion 313(8) Juvenile Justice in England 321(28) Introduction 321(1) History of Juvenile Justice 322(1) Changes in Juvenile Justice 323(9) Juvenile Courts 332(4) Conclusion 336(13) Evaluating the English Criminal Justice System: Lessons to Be Learned 349(20) Introduction 349(3) External Factors Affecting the Operation of the Criminal Justice System 352(1) Differences in the Two Justice Systems 353(8) Efficiency and Effectiveness in Achieving System Goals 361(7) ``Quo Vadis'' England? Where Do You Go from Here? 368(1) A Final Word 369