Crossroads : The Multicultural Roots of America's Popular Music [With CD]

Preface xv Part I: The Journeys Begin Music in Multicultural America 1(15) The Components of American Multiculturalism 2(8) Culture 3(1) Ethnicity and Culture 4(1) Race and Culture 4(2) Acculturation and Assimilation in American Society 6(3) The United States Today 9(1) American Multiculturalism and American Music 10(4) The Building Blocks of Music 10(4) Conclusion 14(1) Bibliography 15(1) The Music of Native Americans 16(21) Native American Origins 16(3) Overview of Pre-Conquest Music Traditions 19(2) Challenges to Studying Pre-Conquest Native American Music 19(1) Commonalities among Native Music Traditions 20(1) Structural Characteristics 20(1) Native American Music within a Historical and Social Context The Fifteenth-Nineteenth Centuries 21(11) Native American Cultural Diversity 21(3) Contact with Europeans in the Colonial Period 24(1) Native Americans and the United States of America 25(2) Impact of Europeans on Native Culture and Music Traditions 27(5) Native American Music in the Twentieth Century 32(3) Pan-Indian Music 32(3) Native Americans Today 35(1) Conclusion 35(1) Bibliography 35(2) The Roots of European/Anglo-American Music 37(21) European American Origins 37(4) Overview of European-American Music Traditions 41(2) Commonalities of European-American Music 41(2) Early Anglo-American Music Traditions 43(1) The Structural Characteristics of Anglo-American Folk Music 43(1) Anglo-American Music within a Social and Historical Context 43(12) Religious Music of the Colonial Period 43(2) Folk Music of the Early Settlers 45(2) The Americanization of British Folk Songs 47(3) Instrumental Music of the Early Settlers 50(3) Conflict and the Road to Revolution 53(1) The Founding of a New Nation 54(1) Conclusion 55(2) Bibliography 57(1) The Roots of African-American Music 58(17) African-American Origins 58(1) Challenges to Retaining African Culture 58(2) Overview of African Music Traditions 60(4) African Diversity 60(1) African Commonalities 60(4) African-American Music within a Historical and Social Context 64(8) Colonial America 64(4) Structural Characteristics of Early African-American Music 68(1) The American Revolution and Striving for Freedom 68(1) The Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Late Nineteenth Century 69(3) Conclusion 72(1) Bibliography 73(2) The Roots of Latin American Music 75(19) The First Mexican Americans 75(2) Pre-Conquest and Arrival of the Europeans 77(2) Overview of the Music of the Aztecs and Other Indigenous Peoples 79(4) Challenges and Changes in Studying Indigenous Music of Mexico 79(2) Commonalities of Aztec and Other Indigenous Music 81(1) Structural Characteristics of Aztec and Other Indigenous Music 82(1) Mexican-American Music in a Historical and Social Context 83(6) The Spanish Colonial Period 83(2) Influence of Colonial System on Mexican Music 85(2) Mexican Independence 87(1) Mexican Northern Provinces Become Part of the United States 88(1) Mestizo Music Traditions 89(2) Structural Characteristics 89(1) Popular Mestizo Music Styles 89(2) Conclusion 91(2) Bibliography 93(1) Part II: Encounters At The Crossroads The Blues 94(23) Overview of the Music Tradition of the Blues 94(3) Origin of the Term ``The Blues'' 94(1) Stylistic Categories 95(1) The Structural Characteristics of the Blues 96(1) The Blues in a Historical and Social Context 97(17) The Civil War and Reconstruction 97(1) Origins of the Blues to 1900 98(3) Spread of the Blues from 1900 to 1920 101(4) The 1920s and Initial Expansion of Blues Styles 105(2) The 1930s and the Development of Urban Blues 107(2) The 1940s and Three Important Bluesmen 109(1) Important Developments in the 1950s 109(1) The 1960s and British Blues 110(2) The 1970s to the Present 112(2) Conclusion 114(1) Bibliography 115(2) Jazz 117(27) Jazz: Primarily African American or European American? 117(2) Overview of the Music Tradition of Jazz 119(6) Stylistic Categories 119(4) Structural Characteristics 123(2) Jazz in a Historical and Social Context 125(17) Precursors to Jazz: Ragging and Ragtime 125(1) The ``Birth of Jazz'' in New Orleans: 1865-1917 126(5) The 1930s and 1940s: The Swing Era 131(1) Vocal Jazz 132(2) The 1940s and 1950s: Bebop 134(2) The 1950s and 1960s: Cool Jazz and Hard Bop 136(1) The 1960s and 1970s: The Avant-Garde, Free Jazz, and Fusion 137(4) The 1980s and 1990s: Classicism, Smooth or Contemporary Jazz, and Acid Jazz 141(1) Conclusion 142(1) Bibliography 143(1) Gospel 144(13) Overview of Gospel Music 144(3) Distinguishing Gospel from Spirituals 144(1) Structural Characteristics 145(2) Gospel Music in a Historical and Social Context 147(8) The Foundation for the Development of Gospel Music 147(2) The Work of Thomas Dorsey in the 1920s 149(1) The ``Birth'' of Gospel in Chicago and the 1930s and 1940s 150(1) The Recording and Popularizing of Gospel in the 1950s 151(1) Gospel in the Last Half of the Twentieth Century 152(3) Conclusion 155(1) Bibliography 156(1) Cajun and Zydeco 157(12) Overview of Cajun and Zydeco Music Traditions 158(1) Structural Characteristics 158(1) Cajun and Zydeco Music in a Social and Historical Context 159(8) The Roots of Cajun Music 159(2) Cajun and Creole Music Early in the Twentieth Century 161(2) Cajun Music in the Middle of the Twentieth Century 163(2) Zydeco 165(2) Conclusion 167(1) Bibliography 168(1) Country Music 169(15) Overview of Country Music 170(12) Stylistic Categories 171(2) Structural Characteristics 173(1) Country Music in a Historical and Social Context 174(2) The 1930s and the Emergence of ``Country Western'' 176(1) The 1940s with Honky Tonk and Bluegrass 176(1) The 1950s and the Creation of ``The Nashville Sound'' 177(1) The 1960s and 1970s 178(2) The 1980s to the Present 180(2) Conclusion 182(1) Bibliography 182(2) The Urban Folk Revival 184(18) Overview of the Music of the Urban Folk Revival 184(4) Renewed Interest in Traditional Music 184(1) Dissemination and Popularization of Traditional Music 185(2) Trends in Folk Music in the Mid-Twentieth Century 187(1) Structural Characteristics 188(1) The Urban Folk Revival in a Social and Historical Context 188(11) 1900-1940 188(2) The 1940s 190(2) The 1950s 192(1) The 1960s 193(6) Conclusion 199(1) Bibliography 200(2) Part III: Excursions In New Directions Rock `n' Roll 202(17) Overview of Rock `n' Roll's Music Characteristics 202(1) Rock `n' Roll in a Historical and Social Context 203(11) Changes in the 1940s and 1950s 203(2) The Birth of Rock `n' Roll 205(1) The Primary Musical Influences on Early Rock `n' Roll 205(1) Two Examples of the Fusion of Styles 206(1) Rock `n' Roll's First Stars 207(2) Conflicting Reactions to Rock `n' Roll 209(5) Later Developments of Rock 214(3) Conclusion 217(1) Bibliography 218(1) Soul, Motown, and Funk 219(13) Overview of the Musical Characteristics of Soul, Motown, and Funk 219(2) Soul Music 219(2) Motown 221(1) Funk 221(1) Soul, Motown, and Funk in a Historical and Social Context 221(9) Soul Music 221(1) Early Soul Music 221(2) Geographical Centers for Soul Music 223(4) Motown 227(3) Funk 230(1) Conclusion 230(1) Bibliography 230(2) Salsa, Reggae, and Caribbean Latino Music 232(18) Defining ``The Caribbean'' 233(1) Overview of Caribbean Music Traditions 234(7) Structural Characteristics Unifying Caribbean Music 234(3) Specific Music Traditions of Particular Importance to Puerto Rico 237(3) Other Caribbean Music Traditions 240(1) Caribbean Music Traditions within a Historical and Social Context 241(5) Pre-Conquest and Establishment of Spanish Colonies 241(1) Puerto Rico as an American Territory 242(4) The Development of Salsa 246(2) The Birth of ``Salsa'' 246(1) African and European Influences on Salsa 246(1) Salsa's Increasing Popularity 247(1) Conclusion 248(1) Bibliography 249(1) Tejano, Banda, and Contemporary Mexican-American Music 250(11) Overview of Twentieth-Century Mexican-American Music Traditions 251(1) Stylistic Categories 251(1) Structural Characteristics 252(1) Twentieth-Century Mexican American Music within a Social and Historical Context 252(7) The First Half of the Twentieth Century 252(3) The Second Half of the Twentieth Century 255(1) The Late Twentieth Century 256(3) Conclusion 259 Bibliography 260(1) Asian American Music 261(17) Challenges and Issues in Discussing Asian Americans and Asian-American Music 262(1) The Three Periods of Asian Immigration 263(2) Current Asian Communities in the United States 265(1) Asian-American Music within a Social and Historical Context 266(7) Chinese Americans 266(2) Filipino Americans 268(1) Indian and Pakistani Americans 269(1) Vietnamese Americans 270(1) Korean Americans 271(1) Japanese Americans 271(2) Asian-American Music in the Last Half of the Twentieth Century to the Present 273(2) Conclusion 275(1) Bibliography 276(2) Hip-Hop and Rap 278(15) Overview of Hip-Hop and Rap Music Traditions 279(4) Defining Hip-Hop and Rap 279(1) Stylistic Categories of Rap 280(3) Rap and Hip-Hop in a Social and Historical Context 283(8) Roots of Rap in African and African-American Oral Traditions 283(1) The Earliest Hip-Hop and Rap 284(2) The Context for the Rise in Popularity of Rap 286(1) Shift in Rap from Party Music to Social Commentary 287(1) Hip-Hop and Rap Become More Mainstream 288(1) The Growth of Hardcore Rap 288(2) The 2001 Hip-Hop Summit 290(1) Conclusion 291(1) Bibliography 291(2) Epilogue 293(2) Index 295