Designing and Conducting Ethnographic Research

List of Tables and Figures vii List of Examples ix Introduction xiii What Is Ethnography? 1(28) Ethnography as Science 1(8) Characteristics of Ethnography 9(12) What Ethnography Is 21(8) When and Where Is Ethnography Used? 29(12) Conditions Calling for Ethnographic Research 29(6) Which Settings Are Most Appropriate for Ethnographic Research? 35(6) Paradigms for Thinking About Ethnographic Research? 41(20) What Are Research Paradigms? 41(1) The Positivist Paradigm 42(3) The Critical Paradigm 45(3) The Interpretive, Phenomenological, or Constructivist Paradigm 48(3) The Ecological Paradigm 51(1) The Emerging Social Network Paradigm 52(3) A Paradigmatic Synthesis 55(6) An Overview of Research Design 61(36) What Is Research Design? 61(1) Planning a Research Design as a Blueprint for Action 62(6) Quantitative Survey and Experimental Designs 68(14) Qualitative Designs 82(15) Choosing and Designing an Ethnographic Research Project 97(30) Deciding What to Investigate 99(5) Elaborating Research Questions 104(5) Selecting Populations and Units of Analsysis 109(18) Collecting Ethnographic Data 127(20) Data Collection Techniques 127(7) Resource Logistics 134(13) Data Analysis: How Ethnographers Make Sense of Their Data 147(14) Analysis as a Cognitive Process and a Technical Procedure 148(3) The Item Level of Analysis 151(3) The Pattern Level of Analysis 154(1) The Constitutive or Structural Level of Analysis 155(2) Complex Analysis With Multiple Levels and Sources of Data 157(4) Who Should Do Ethnographic Investigation? 161(22) Important Personality and Stylistic Requisites for Ethnographers 162(6) Identifying Good Field-Workers 168(3) Collecting Data With a Research Team 171(5) Building Research Partnerships 176(7) Ethical Treatment of Research Participants and Care for Human Relationships 183(22) The History of Concern for the Ethical Treatment of Research Participants 184(4) Institutional Review Boards 188(5) Special Concerns and Ethical Responsibilities of Ethnographers 193(7) The Ethical Responsibilities of Ethnographers in the Absence of an IRB or Formal Institutional Constraints 200(1) Dissemination of Research Results 201(3) Conclusion 204(1) References 205(6) Index 211(7) About the Editors, Authors, and Artists 218