Developing an Effective Safety Culture : A Leadership Approach

Acronyms xv About the Author xvii Foreword xix Preface xxi Introduction xxix Part 1 Characteristics of an Effective Safety Culture 1(50) Does Management Commitment Make a Difference? 3(13) Introduction 3(1) Cost Impact to Business 3(5) The Direct and Indirect Costs of Accidents 8(1) Incident Costs 9(2) Case Histories 11(1) Summary 12(2) References 14(2) Defining a Value System 16(18) Introduction 16(1) Culture and Safety 16(1) What Sets the Culture? 17(1) Why Do Cultures Fail? 18(2) What Are Values? 20(5) Changes in Behavior 25(1) Recognizing Success 25(2) What Can We Learn? 27(1) A New Management Safety System Begins to Emerge 28(1) Safety Climate (Culture) Defined 29(2) Audits 31(1) Summary 31(1) References 32(2) OSHA's Voluntary Guidelines for Safety Management 34(17) Introduction 34(1) Program Elements 34(2) Management Commitment Leadership 36(1) Employee Participation 36(1) Hazard Identification and Assessment 37(2) Hazard Prevention and Control 39(1) Information and Training 40(1) Multi-employer Workplace 41(1) Employee Rights 42(1) Voluntary Protection Programs 42(3) Summary 45(2) References 47(4) Part 2 Management Aspects of an Effective Safety Culture 51(122) Management's Role in Developing an Effective Safety Culture 51(13) Introduction 51(1) Charting the Course/Creating the Vision 52(3) Defining Roles and Responsibilities 55(2) Obstacles to Successful Safety Program Development 57(1) Defining Accountability 57(3) Summary 60(3) References 63(1) Journey to a Safety Culture: Determining the Direction of Your Management System 64(32) Introduction 64(1) Pathway to Safety Excellence 65(3) Pitfalls to the Process 68(1) Accident Pyramid 68(3) Management Processes for Improvement 71(1) Developing Your Policy 71(1) Communicating Your Policy 71(3) Developing Goals and Objectives 74(1) Establishing Your Objectives 74(1) Identifying Your Objectives 75(1) Defining Objectives 76(2) Writing Your Objectives 78(2) Communicating Your Objectives 80(1) Reviewing Objectives 81(2) Numerical Goals 83(1) Descriptive Goals 84(2) Where Are You Now? 86(1) How Do You Get from Here to There? 87(1) Developing an Action Plan 87(1) Strategic Map for Change 88(2) Obtaining Top Management ``Buy-In,'' 90(1) Conduct Self Assessment/Bench Marking 91(2) Summary 93(1) References 94(2) Management Leadership; Demonstrating Commitment 96(20) Introduction 96(4) Management Leadership 100(6) Example of Management Systems 106(4) Contractor Safety 110(1) Other Core Elements 111(1) Summary 111(3) References 114(2) Employee Participation 116(23) Introduction 116(1) Why Should Employees Be Involved? 117(2) Close Contact with Hazards 119(1) Improved Support 120(1) More Participation More Awareness 121(1) Hawthorne Studies 121(2) Lessons Learned 123(1) Committee Participation 124(1) Getting Employee Participation Started 125(1) Forming a Committee 125(1) How to Use Employees in the Process 126(1) Joint Labor-Management Committees 127(1) Other Joint Committees 127(2) Conducting Site Inspections 129(1) Routine Hazard Analysis 129(1) Developing or Revising Site-Specific Safety Rules 129(1) Training Other Employees 130(1) Different Approaches: Union and Non-union Sites 130(3) Usual Forms of Employee Participation 133(1) What Management Must Do 134(1) Summary 135(2) References 137(2) Assigning Safety Responsibilities 139(12) Introduction 139(1) The Value of Written Job Descriptions 140(1) Review the Existing Organization 141(1) Determine Role of Each Position 141(5) Determining and Assigning Specific Responsibilities 146(2) Summary 148(2) References 150(1) Developing Accountability 151(22) Introduction 151(1) Establishing Clear Goals and Assigning Responsibilities 152(2) Establishing Employee Objectives 154(1) Establishing Consequences for Failure to Perform Adequately 155(1) Defining Accountability 155(3) Measurement Tools 158(2) Performance Measurements for Supervisors 160(2) Middle and Upper Management Results Measurements 162(3) Upper Management Performance Measurements 165(3) Failure Measurements 168(1) Before-the-Fact Measures 168(1) The Overzealous Company 168(1) The Rewarding Company 169(1) The Lively Organization 169(1) The Reactive Organization 169(1) Summary 170(2) References 172(1) Part 3 Safety and Health Programs That Support the Safety Culture 173(172) Developing a Hazard Inventory 175(15) Introduction 175(1) Comprehensive Surveys 176(2) Evaluating the Professional Resource 178(1) Evaluating the Survey 179(2) Follow-up Surveys 181(1) Involving Employees in Establishing the Inventory 181(1) Change Analysis 182(2) Analyzing Multiple Changes 184(1) When Employees Change 184(1) Routine Hazard Analysis 185(2) Summary 187(2) References 189(1) Developing a Hazard Prevention and Control System 190(37) Introduction 190(1) Managing or Controlling Hazards 190(1) Engineering Controls 191(7) Administrative Controls 198(1) Personal Protective Equipment 199(2) Interim Protection 201(1) General Safety Rules 201(1) Work Practices 202(1) Limitations to Controlling Hazards with Safe Work Practices 203(1) Enforcement 204(1) Who Should Inspect the Workplace? 205(1) Written Inspection Reports 206(1) Tracking Hazards 207(2) Tacking Action Plans by Committee 209(1) Recognition Systems 209(1) Disciplinary Systems 210(4) Control Measures 214(1) Policy Statement 215(1) Employee Training and Information 215(1) Supervisors 216(1) Employee Participation 216(2) Work Orders 218(1) Response Time and Action Planning 218(1) Practicing Employees from Reprisal 219(1) Reporting Systems 220(1) Preventive Maintenance Program 221(1) Summary 222(4) References 226(1) Conducting Effective Incident Investigations 227(31) Introduction 227(1) Definitions 228(1) Benefits of Root Cause Analysis 228(2) Incident Prevention 230(1) Basic Causation Models: Sequence Models 231(5) What Causes Incidents 236(2) Elements of the Safety System 238(2) Understanding the Audit Trail 240(2) Documenting Steps 242(1) What Should Be Investigated? 243(2) Who Should Investigate an Incident? 245(1) Analysis of Patterns 246(1) Interviewing Injured Employees 247(1) Interviewing Witnesses 248(1) Recreating the Incident 249(2) Determining Cause 251(1) Corrective Action Plans 252(1) Problem Solving Techniques 252(1) Report of Investigation 253(2) Summary 255(1) References 256(2) Developing and Administering a Medical Surveillance Program 258(8) Introduction 258(1) Why Do You Need a Medical Surveillance Program? 259(1) Benefits of a Medical Program 259(1) Who Should Manage the Medical Provider? 260(1) Preventing Hazards 260(1) What Services Do You Need from a Medical Provider? 261(1) The Range of Medical Provider Functions 262(2) Summary 264(1) References 265(1) Defining Safety and Health Training Needs 266(28) Introduction 266(1) Defining a Training Program 267(2) Management Commitment and Employee Participation 269(4) Identifying Training Needs 273(1) Needs Analysis 273(2) New Employee Orientation 275(1) Developing Learning Activities 276(1) Establishing Learning Objectives 276(1) Course Content Development 277(1) Conducting the Training 277(4) How to Train 281(4) Management Training 285(1) Supervisor Training 285(2) Job Orientation 287(1) Vehicular Safety 288(1) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 288(1) Emergency Response 288(1) Periodic Training 289(1) Evaluating the Program 289(1) Evaluating Training 290(1) Recordkeeping 291(1) Summary 292(1) References 293(1) Understanding Job Hazard Analysis 294(16) Introduction 294(1) Benefits of JHAs 294(1) Assigning Responsibility 295(2) Conducting a JHA 297(2) Breaking Down the Job 299(1) Developing a Priority List of Jobs 300(5) Using Employee Participation to Develop Task-Specific JHAs 305(2) Developing an Action Plan to Identify Incidents 307(1) Summary 308(1) References 309(1) Making Sense of the Behavior-Based Safety Process 310(35) Introduction 310(1) What Contributes to At-Risk Behaviors? 310(4) Understanding Why Employees Put Themselves at Risk 314(2) The Components of a Behavior-Based System 316(2) Management Systems 318(3) Safety Culture Concepts 321(2) Diseases and Obstacles 323(2) Risky Behavior 325(1) Principles of Behavior-Based Psychology 326(3) Employee Activities 329(1) Awareness Approach to Behavior Management 329(2) Assessing the Organizational Culture 331(3) Core of the Process 334(2) Sustaining the Change 336(4) Summary 340(2) References 342(3) Part 4 Measuring the Safety Culture 345(34) Safety and Health Program Evaluation: Assessing the Management System 347(32) Introduction 347(1) The Nature of All Safety Systems 348(5) Assessment Techniques 353(2) Healing a Sick System 355(2) The Deming Cycle 357(1) What Should Be Evaluated? 358(1) Who Should Conduct the Review? 358(2) Evaluation Tools 360(1) Independent Review 361(8) Safety Perception Survey 369(6) Developing and Implementing the Action Plan 375(1) Summary 375(2) References 377(2) Final Words 379(10) Does Anyone Really Want to Get Hurt? 379(1) Can You Really Develop a Culture That Will Sustain Itself? 379(2) Brief Safety History 381(1) Safety and Quality Are Similar 382(1) How Long Is the Journey? 383(1) Let's Look at the Other Side of Safety 383(3) Summary 386(2) References 388(1) Appendix A: Sample Policy Statement Worksheet 389(6) Appendix B: Action Planning 395(2) Appendix C: Sample Forms for Employee Reporting of Hazards Tracking Hazard Corrections Follow-Up Documentation 397(6) Appendix D: Medical Providers 403(16) Appendix E: Sample Forms for Employee Training 419(6) Appendix F: Evaluation and Review of Safety and Health Management Programs 425(44) Appendix G: Sample Safety Perception Survey Form and Questions 469(6) Index 475