Dispute Settlement Reports 2005

United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services (WT/DS285) Report of the Appellate Body 5663(6) Introduction 5669(5) Arguments of The Participants and The Third Participants 5674(26) Claims of Error by the United States - Appellant 5674(8) Antigua's Prima Facie Case 5674(1) United States' Schedule of Specific Commitments 5675(2) Article XVI:2(a) and XVI:2(c) of the GATS -``limitations ... in the form of'' 5677(2) Article XIV of the GATS: General Exceptions 5679(3) ``Practice'' as a ``Measure'' 5682(1) Arguments of Antigua - Appellee 5682(4) Antigua's Prima Facie Case 5682(1) United States' Schedule of Specific Commitments 5683(1) Article XVI:2(a) and XVI:2(c) of the GATS -``limitations ... in the form of'' 5684(1) Article XIV of the GATS: General Exceptions 5685(1) ``Practice'' as a ``Measure'' 5686(1) Claims of Error by Antigua - Appellant 5686(6) The ``Total Prohibition'' as a ``Measure'' 5686(1) Article XVI:1 of the GATS - Conditional Appeal 5687(1) Article XVI:2(a) and XVI:2(c) of the GATS -Measures Aimed at Consumers 5688(1) Article XIV of the GATS: General Exceptions 5688(4) Arguments by the United States - Appellee 5692(4) The ``Total Prohibition'' as a ``Measure'' 5692(1) Article XVI:1 of the GATS - Conditional Appeal 5693(1) Article XVI:2(a) and XVI:2(c) of the GATS -Measures Aimed at Consumers 5693(1) Article XIV of the GATS 5693(3) Arguments of the Third Participants 5696(4) European Communities 5696(1) Japan 5697(2) Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu 5699(1) Issues Raised in This Appeal 5700(2) Measures at Issue 5702(12) ``Total Prohibition'' as a Measure 5702(3) ``Practice'' as a Measure 5705(1) Antigua's Prima Facie Case 5706(8) Interpretation of the Specific Commitments Made by the United States in Its Gats Schedule 5714(21) Interpretation of Subsector 10.D According to the General Rule of Interpretation: Article 31 of the Vienna Convention 5716(12) Interpretation of Subsector 10.D in Accordance with Supplementary Means of Interpretation: Article 32 of the Vienna Convention 5728(6) Summary 5734(1) Article XVI of the Gats: Market Access 5735(14) Preliminary Matters 5736(1) The Meaning of Sub-paragraphs (a) and (c) of Article XVI 5737(9) Sub-paragraph (a) of Article XVI:2 5738(4) Sub-paragraph (c) of Article XVI:2 5742(3) Article XVI:2(a) and XVI:2(c) - Prohibitions Directed at Consumers 5745(1) Does the Second Paragraph of Article XVI Exhaust the Market Access Restrictions that are Prohibited by the First Paragraph? 5746(1) Application of Article XVI to the Measures at Issue 5746(3) Article XIV of the Gats: General Exceptions 5749(30) Did the Panel Err in Considering the United States' Defence Under Article XIV? 5750(3) Did the Panel Err in its Treatment of the Burden of Proof Under Article XIV? 5753(4) The Panel's Substantive Analysis Under Article XIV 5757(22) Justification of the Measures Under Paragraph (a) of Article XIV 5758(11) Justification of the Measures Under Paragraph (c) of Article XIV 5769(1) The Chapeau of Article XIV 5769(10) Overall Conclusion on Article XIV 5779(1) Findings and Conclusions 5779(30) Annex I Notification of an Appeal by the United States under paragraph 4 of Article 16 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) Annex II Notification of Other Appeal by Antigua and Barbuda under Article 16.4 and Article 17 of DSU, and under Rule 23(1) of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review Annex II(a) Notification of Other Appeal by Antigua and Barbuda under Article 16.4 and Article 17 of DSU, and under Rule 23(1) of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review: Corrigendum Annex III The United States of America - Schedule of Specific Commitments, GATS/SC/90 Report of the Panel 5797(12) Introduction 5809(2) Conclusions Requested by the Parties 5811(1) Arguments of the Parties 5811(146) Factual arguments 5811(16) Legal arguments 5827(130) Applicability of the GATS 5827(2) As to whether the United States has undertaken a specific commitment on gambling and betting services 5829(19) The measure(s) at issue 5848(26) GATS Article XVI 5874(10) GATS Article XVII 5884(1) ``Likeness'' of services and service supphers 5884(39) Treatment no less favourable 5923(9) GATS Article VI 5932(2) GATS Article XI 5934(3) GATS Article XIV 5937(20) Arguments of the Third Parties 5957(22) Canada 5957(7) European Communities 5964(12) Japan 5976(2) Mexico 5978(1) Chinese Taipei 5979(1) Interim Section 5979(6) Public release of the confidential Interim Report 5979(2) Editorial/typographical changes 5981(1) Members' right to regulate and to prohibit gambling and betting services 5982(1) The US Schedule 5982(1) Measures affecting the cross-border supply of trade in services 5983(1) Article XIV 5984(1) Findings 5985(165) Introduction 5985(10) Terms of reference of this Panel 5985(1) Structure of this Panel Report 5985(1) Interpretation of WTO provisions 5986(2) Burden of proof 5988(1) Judicial economy 5989(1) Definitional issues 5990(1) Definition of ``gambling and betting services'' 5990(3) ``Cross-border'' and ``remote'' supply 5993(2) Has the united states undertaken specific commitments on gambling and betting Services? 5995(31) Claims and main arguments of the parties 5995(1) Assessment by the Panel 5996(1) Method of interpretation to be adopted by the Panel 5996(3) Application of the general rules of treaty interpretation to this case 5999(26) Conclusion 6025(1) Final comments 6025(1) The measure(s) at issue 6026(33) Claims and main arguments of the parties 6026(1) Relevant WTO provisions 6027(1) Assessment by the Panel 6028(1) ``Measures'' being challenged 6028(7) Can Antigua challenge a ``total prohibition'' on the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services under US law as a measure in and of itself in the present dispute? 6035(5) Measures that the Panel should consider in determining whether the GATS has been violated 6040(18) ``Measures ... affecting trade in services'' 6058(1) Claims of violation of the united states' market access commitment under Article xvi of the gats 6059(38) Claims and main arguments of the parties 6059(1) Relevant GATS provisions 6059(2) Assessment by the Panel 6061(1) Introduction 6061(1) Interpretation and scope of Article XVI 6061(13) Interpretation of Article XVI:2(a) and Article XVI:2(c) 6074(7) Application of the legal standard to the facts of this case 6081(16) Claims of violation of the united states' national treatment commitment under Article xvii of the gats 6097(2) Claims and main arguments of the parties 6097(1) Assessment by the Panel 6098(1) Claims of violation under Article vi of the gats 6099(3) Claims and main arguments of the parties 6099(1) Relevant GATS provisions 6100(1) Assessment by the Panel 6100(2) Claim under Article xi of the gats 6102(2) Claims and main arguments of the parties 6102(1) Relevant GATS provisions 6103(1) Assessment by the Panel 6103(1) Defence under Article xiv of the gats 6104(46) Claims and main arguments of the parties 6104(1) Relevant GATS provisions 6104(1) Assessment by the Panel 6105(1) Introduction 6105(1) Measures at issue 6106(1) Provisional justification under Article XIV(a) 6107(23) Provisional justification under Article XIV(c) 6130(8) The chapeau of Article XIV 6138(12) Overall conclusion on Article XIV 6150(1) Conclusions, Concluding Remarks and Recommendations 6150(199) Conclusions 6150(2) Concluding remarks by the Panel 6152(1) Recommendations 6152(197) Cumulative List of Published Disputes 6349