Divide and Rule : The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914

Illustrations xiii Preface xv Introduction 1(10) I ``The Eastern Question'': The Occupation of Tunisia and Egypt, 1881--1882 France And Imperialism 11(7) France after 1870 11(1) France and the colonies 12(6) Tunisia 18(12) The Congress of Berlin 18(2) Tunisia before the occupation 20(5) Toward European intervention 25(2) The French occupation 27(3) Great Britain And Imperialism 30(5) Great Britain in the nineteenth century 30(3) British imperialism 33(2) Egypt 35(18) Mohammed Ali 37(2) The Suez Canal 39(4) The khedive Ismail 43(2) The Anglo-French condominium, 1876--1882 45(2) The Egyptian revolution 47(2) Toward intervention 49(2) The British occupation 51(2) The Sudan And The Nile 53(12) The antecedents, 1820--1881 54(3) The mahdi in the Sudan 57(2) The crisis 59(2) Gordon's last mission 61(4) Conclusion 65(11) II The Congo and the Creation of the Free State, 1882--1885 Belgium And Leopold II 76(4) Belgium and the colonies 76(1) Leopold II 77(3) The Brussels Conference And Its Consequences 80(9) Exploration and explorers 81(4) The Geographical Conference of 1876 85(4) Europeans In The Congo 89(10) From Association to Committe 89(4) Brazza and the makoko 93(4) From Committee to Association 97(2) The Congo Question, 1882--1884 99(6) Portugal and the colonies 99(2) Great Britain and Portugal 101(2) Leopold's reaction 103(2) Germany and Imperialism 105(8) Germany under Bismarck 105(2) The German colonial movement 107(2) Bismarck's colonial conversion 109(1) The birth of the German colonial empire 110(3) The Berlin Conference 113(6) Toward an international conference 113(1) The Berlin Conference, 15 November 1884--26 February 1885 114(5) The Birth Of The Free State 119(5) The road to recognition 119(2) The boundary question 121(2) ``While England slept'' 123(1) Conclusion 124(11) III ``Cool and Courageous'': Germany and Great Britain in East Africa, 1885--1890 The Rise Of Zanzibar And British Influence 135(4) Said and Bargash 135(2) Zanzibar and East Africa 137(2) Germany And East Africa 139(6) The Peters expedition 140(3) Witu 143(2) Great Britain And Germany In East Africa, 1886--1890 145(12) The DOAG at work 146(3) The rescue of Emin Pasha 149(4) Lord Salisbury 153(4) The Cape-To-Cairo Dream And The Zanzibar-Heligoland Treaty 157(3) The dream 157(2) The treaty 159(1) Uganda 160(4) Lugard and Uganda 161(1) Rosebery and Imperialism 162(2) Epilogue: The French Occupation Of Madagascar 164(4) Conclusion 168(8) IV Soldiers and Traders: France and Great Britain in West Africa, 1890--1898 France In The Sudan 176(10) Expansion 176(4) War 180(5) Importance and relevance 185(1) Great Britain And The Niger 186(8) Goldie and the Niger 188(2) The British policy 190(4) The Partition: Phase I, 1890--1895 194(10) The calm before the storm 194(3) The New course in France after 1890 197(4) The fall of Dahomey 201(3) The Partition: Phase II, 1895--1898 204(15) Chamberlain and the new course in Britain 204(4) Borgu 208(4) Epilogue 212(7) Conclusion 219(6) V The Long March to Fashoda, 1893--1898 The British Nile Strategy 225(4) Egypt and the Nile 225(2) The reopening of the Egyptian question 227(2) The French Nile Strategy 229(10) Hanotaux's policy 229(2) The mission that was called off: the Monteil mission 231(4) The mission that never was: the Liotard mission 235(4) Italy And Imperialism 239(8) Italy after unification 239(1) Crispi and imperialism 240(2) Italy and Ethiopia 242(5) The Mission That Failed: The Marchand Mission 247(5) The plan 247(2) The expedition 249(3) Fashoda 252(6) Kitchener of Khartoum 252(2) The crisis 254(4) Conclusion 258(6) VI Boers and Britons in South Africa, 1890--1902 The Historical Background 264(18) The Great Trek 266(2) Diamonds and their consequences 268(4) The Zulus 272(2) Annexation 274(3) The First Boer War 277(2) Bechuanaland 279(2) Taking stock 281(1) Foreigners And Gold Strikes, 1884--1886 282(6) Germany and southern Africa 282(3) Gold 285(3) Rhodes And Rhodesia, 1890--1893 288(12) Cecil Rhodes 288(5) Rhodesia 293(2) The pioneers 295(2) Portugal and Rhodesia 297(3) Rhodes Vs. Kruger 300(9) Harbors and railroads 300(3) The uitlander question 303(2) The Jameson Raid 305(4) Toward The Second Boer War 309(12) After the raid 309(5) The partition of the Portuguese colonies 314(5) Negotiations 319(2) The Second Boer War, 1899--1902 321(8) Offensive and counter-offensive 321(4) Guerrilla warfare 325(1) Peace 326(1) Summary 327(2) Conclusion 329(5) VII Epilogue: The Partition of Morocco, 1905--1912 Morocco And Europe 334(7) The Sharifian empire 334(2) European penetration 336(3) European policy and Morocco 339(2) France And Morocco 341(9) Algeria and Morocco 341(2) The new course and the Entente Cordiale 343(4) The Tangier coup 347(3) From Tangier To Agadir 350(5) The Algeciras Conference 350(2) The Panther's leap 352(2) The protectorate 354(1) Conclusion 355(4) Conclusion 359(16) The partition of Africa as a problem 361(5) Motives and decisions 366(2) Causes and effects 368(3) Importance and relevance 371(4) Notes 375(20) Bibliography 395(32) Appendix 1 Important Treaties and Agreements 427(3) Appendix 2 Synchronic Survey 430(7) Index 437