Elder Care in Occupational Therapy

Dedication v Acknowledgments xiii About the Author xv Introduction xvii Unit 1 Older Adults and Gerontic Occupational Therapy 1(36) A Historical Outlook 3(4) Gerontic Occupational Therapy---A Definition 3(1) Historical Perspectives 4(3) Conceptual Models, Demographics, Life Development, and Occupational Activities 7(12) Conceptual Models Useful in Gerontic Occupational Therapy 7(4) Demographics of the Current and the Projected Elderly Population 11(1) Life Development in the Later Years: Theories of Aging and Development 12(4) Work, Retirement, Recreational, and Leisure Activities 16(3) Problems Arising in Caring for the Elderly 19(2) Abuse and Abandonment 19(1) Caregiver Needs 20(1) Wellness 21(16) New Implications for Occupational Therapy in Developing Well Elderly Programs 21(3) Alternative Approaches in Gerontic Occupational Therapy 24(1) The Community-Based Occupational Therapist as a Services Coordinator 25(2) The Occupational Therapist as Ergonomist and Environmental Specialist 27(1) The Home Environment as an Area of Concern in the Community 28(1) The Occupational Therapist as Home Safety Consultant 29(1) Occupational Therapists Collaborating With Architects Regarding Housing and Institutional Needs 30(2) Unit 1 References 32(5) Case Studies 1 and 2 35(2) Unit 2 Life Span Changes and the Elderly, Death, and Dying 37(60) Biological, Psychosocial, and Cognitive Considerations in Aging 39(36) The Biological Factor 39(1) The Gene Revolution in Medicine 40(1) The Cardiovascular System 41(1) Heart Disease and Related Conditions 42(5) The Central Nervous System 47(7) The Sensory System and the Aging Process 54(8) The Genitourinary and Reproductive Systems 62(3) The Pulmonary/Respiratory System 65(2) The Gastrointestinal System 67(3) The Somatosensory System (Touch and Pain) 70(1) The Muscular System 70(1) The Skeletal System 71(4) Mental Health Concerns 75(4) Mental Health and Psychosocial Disorders in Older Adults 75(1) Late Life Depression 75(1) Dementia Syndrome of Depression (Pseudodementia) 76(1) Somatization (Formerly Known as Hypochondriacal Neurosis) 76(1) Alcohol Abuse 77(1) Schizophrenia 77(1) Anxiety 77(1) Summary 78(1) Drugs and the Elderly 79(2) Drugs, Safe Drug Management, and the Elderly 79(1) Revolution in the Drug Industry 80(1) Death, Dying, and Interventional Strategies With the Elderly 81(16) Death, Dying, the Hospice Movement, and Caring for the Terminally Ill Older Adult 81(1) Philosophical Considerations Involving Death 82(1) Euthanasia 83(1) Hospice---The Early Years and Present History 83(3) The Role of Occupational Therapy in Hospice 86(2) Unit 2 References 88(9) Case Studies 3 and 4 93(4) Unit 3 Occupational Therapy Work Settings, Documentation, and Intervention Approaches 97(244) Work Settings 99(8) Hospice 100(1) Acute Care Services 100(1) Rehabilitation Settings 100(1) Subacute Setting 101(1) Long-Term Care 101(1) Respite Care 101(1) Acute Psychiatric Care 101(1) Long-Term Psychiatric Facilities 102(1) Adult Day Care 102(1) Home Health Care 102(2) Senior Center Programs 104(1) Continuing Care Retirement Communities 104(1) Summary 105(2) Work Positions 107(8) The Employee 107(1) The Consultant 107(1) The Private Contractor 108(1) The Private Practitioner 109(1) The Pros and Cons of Self-Employment 110(1) Marketing Occupational Therapy Services 110(1) The Clinician as Manager 111(4) Cultural Considerations 115(2) Cultural Competency 115(1) Cultural Communication and Occupational Therapy 116(1) Documentation 117(14) The Evaluation 117(1) The Intervention Plan 117(2) The Initial Contact Note 119(1) Progress Notes 119(1) Re-Evaluation 120(1) The Discharge/Discontinuation Report 120(1) Specific Occupational Therapy Evaluation Formats and Checklists 121(7) Specific Safety Checklists 128(1) Resources Concerned With Evaluations and Assessments 129(2) Specific Intervention Programs and Modalities 131(28) Cognitive Programming in Dementia 131(20) Cognitive Programs and Modalities Useful With Brain Trauma and Neurological Disorders 151(8) Mental Health and the Older Adult 159(24) Depression 159(6) Therapeutic Group Programs for the Chronically Ill 165(9) Socially Oriented Programs 174(3) The Life Review and Reminiscence 177(1) Developmentally Delayed Older Adults 178(5) Physical Disabilities and Occupational Therapy Intervention Approaches 183(68) Visual Dysfunction and Intervention for Older Adults 183(15) Perception and Perceptual Motor Dysfunction 198(1) Praxis and Apraxia 199(3) Cerebrovascular Accident and Occupational Therapy Intervention Approaches 202(23) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Occupational Therapy Intervention 225(4) Cardiac Rehabilitation in Late Life 229(4) Intervention for Parkinson's Disease 233(3) Cancer and Occupational Therapy Intervention 236(3) Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Occupational Therapy Intervention 239(3) Osteoarthritis and Occupational Therapy Intervention 242(9) Falls, Fear of Falling, and Fall Prevention 251(18) Description 251(1) Causes of Falls 251(1) Occupational Therapy Intervention Regarding Fall Prevention in the Community 252(2) Safety Assessment Tools 254(1) Environmental Safety Concerns 255(3) Occupational Therapy and Orthopedic Management 258(11) Seating, Positioning, and Wheeled Mobility Intervention 269(14) Problems Involving Seating Systems 269(2) Evaluations, Assessments, and Measurements in Seating 271(1) Mobility Bases 272(1) Wheelchair Orientation 273(1) Seating Systems 273(4) Problem Solving Involving Sacral Sitting/The Slider 277(2) Wheelchair Transfer Techniques and Vehicle Safety Transit 279(1) Wheelchair/Vehicle Safety Transport 279(4) Arts and Crafts as a Modality and Leisure Skill Development 283(6) Characteristics 283(1) Task-Focused Activity Analysis 283(1) Intervention Objectives 284(1) Projects 285(1) Leisure Skill Development 286(1) Interest Checklists and Other Types of Assessments 286(1) The Role of Occupational Therapy 287(2) Home Health 289(22) Description 289(3) Evaluations 292(2) Intervention Concerns 294(12) Home Modification 306(3) Summary 309(2) Driving and the Older Adult 311(12) Demographics 311(1) The Clinical Assessment/Evaluation 312(4) Vehicle Selection 316(1) Van Selection 317(1) Other Screening Tools 317(1) Behind-the-Wheel Assessment 318(1) Recommendations to the Client 319(1) Safe Driving Prevention Programs 320(1) Surrendering the License 320(1) Resources 320(3) Summary 323(18) Unit 3 References 324(17) Case Studies 5 through 12 331(10) Appendix A Reimbursement Issues (including PPS) in the United States 341(22) Appendix B PACE: The Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (United States) 363(4) Appendix C Evaluation and Assessment Resources in Gerontic Occupational Therapy 367(16) Appendix D Associations and Organizations Relating to Gerontology 383(4) Appendix E Healthy People 2010 (United States) 387(4) Appendix F Consciousness-Raising Programs to Promote Positive Attitudes Concerning the Elderly 391(20) Appendix G Exercise Components for Well-Being and Fitness 411(2) Appendix H Supplies 413(14) Appendix I Living Arrangements and the Elderly 427(4) Appendix J Modifying and Designing Living Arrangements 431(4) Appendix K Universal Design 435(6) Appendix L Assisted Living Facilities and Occupational Therapy 441(6) Appendix M Ways in Which Color Contrast Can Be Achieved 447(2) Appendix N Rethinking Preretirement Planning and the Role of Occupational Therapy 449(6) Appendix O Looking Beyond Traditional Intervention in Cardiovascular Accidents 455(6) Appendix P An Emerging Opportunity: Life Care Management and Occupational Therapy 461(4) Appendix Q Client-Centered Practice 465(6) Appendix R OT/OTA Roles and Relationships 471(8) Appendix S Evidence-Based Practice 479(8) Appendix T The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process---A Summary 487(4) Index 491