Electronic Properties of Materials

Preface to the Third Edition v Preface to the Second Edition vii Preface to the First Edition ix PART I Fundamentals of Electron Theory 1(74) Introduction 3(3) The Wave-Particle Duality 6(8) Problems 13(1) The Schrodinger Equation 14(4) The Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation 14(1) The Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation 15(1) Special Properties of Vibrational Problems 16(2) Problems 17(1) Solution of the Schrodinger Equation for Four Specific Problems 18(18) Free Electrons 18(2) Electron in a Potential Well (Bound Electron) 20(4) Finite Potential Barrier (Tunnel Effect) 24(4) Electron in a Periodic Field of a Crystal (the Solid State) 28(8) Problems 35(1) Energy Bands in Crystals 36(26) One-Dimensional Zone Schemes 36(5) One-and Two-Dimensional Brillouin Zones 41(4) Three-Dimensional Brillouin Zones 45(1) Wigner-Seitz Cells 45(2) Translation Vectors and the Reciprocal Lattice 47(5) Free Electron Bands 52(3) Band Structures for Some Metals and Semiconductors 55(3) Curves and Planes of Equal Energy 58(4) Problems 60(2) Electrons in a Crystal 62(13) Fermi Energy and Fermi Surface 62(1) Fermi Distribution Function 63(1) Density of States 64(2) Population Density 66(2) Complete Density of States Function Within a Band 68(1) Consequences of the Band Model 69(1) Effective Mass 70(2) Conclusion 72(3) Problems 73(1) Suggestions for Further Reading (Part I) 74(1) PART II Electrical Properties of Materials 75(120) Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys 77(27) Introduction 77(1) Survey 78(2) Conductivity---Classical Electron Theory 80(3) Conductivity---Quantum Mechanical Considerations 83(4) Experimental Results and Their Interpretation 87(4) Pure Metals 87(1) Alloys 88(2) Ordering 90(1) Superconductivity 91(9) Experimental Results 92(5) Theory 97(3) Thermoelectric Phenomena 100(4) Problems 103(1) Semiconductors 104(62) Band Structure 104(2) Intrinsic Semiconductors 106(5) Extrinsic Semiconductors 111(4) Donors and Acceptors 111(1) Band Structure 112(1) Temperature Dependence of the Number of Carriers 113(1) Conductivity 114(1) Fermi Energy 115(1) Effective Mass 115(1) Hall Effect 116(2) Compound Semiconductors 118(1) Semiconductor Devices 119(47) Metal-Semiconductor Contacts 119(1) Rectifying Contacts (Schottky Barrier Contacts) 120(4) Ohmic Contacts (Metallizations) 124(1) p-n Rectifier (Diode) 125(2) Zener Diode 127(2) Solar Cell (Photodiode) 129(3) Avalanche Photodiode 132(1) Tunnel Diode 132(2) Transistors 134(8) Quantum Semiconductor Devices 142(4) Semiconductor Device Fabrication 146(9) Digital Circuits and Memory Devices 155(7) Problems 162(4) Electrical Properties of Polymers, Ceramics, Dielectrics, and Amorphous Materials 166(29) Conducting Polymers and Organic Metals 166(8) Ionic Conduction 174(3) Conduction in Metal Oxides 177(2) Amorphous Materials (Metallic Glasses) 179(6) Xerography 184(1) Dielectric Properties 185(4) Ferroelectricity, Piezoelectricity, and Electrostriction 189(6) Problems 192(1) Suggestions for Further Reading (Part II) 192(3) PART III Optical Properties of Materials 195(108) The Optical Constants 197(11) Introduction 197(2) Index of Refraction, n 199(1) Damping Constant, k 200(3) Characteristic Penetration Depth, W, and Absorbance, α 203(1) Reflectivity, R, and Transmittance, T 204(2) Hagen-Rubens Relation 206(2) Problems 207(1) Atomistic Theory of the Optical Properties 208(19) Survey 208(2) Free Electrons Without Damping 210(4) Free Electrons With Damping (Classical Free Electron Theory of Metals) 214(3) Special Cases 217(1) Reflectivity 218(1) Bound Electrons (Classical Electron Theory of Dielectric Materials) 219(3) Discussion of the Lorentz Equations for Special Cases 222(2) High Frequencies 222(1) Small Damping 223(1) Absorption Near v0 223(1) More Than One Oscillator 224(1) Contributions of Free Electrons and Harmonic Oscillators to the Optical Constants 224(3) Problems 225(2) Quantum Mechanical Treatment of the Optical Properties 227(11) Introduction 227(1) Absorption of Light by Interband and Intraband Transitions 227(4) Optical Spectra of Materials 231(1) Dispersion 231(7) Problems 236(2) Applications 238(65) Measurement of the Optical Properties 238(6) Kramers-Kronig Analysis (Dispersion Relations) 239(1) Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 239(3) Differential Reflectometry 242(2) Optical Spectra of Pure Metals 244(6) Reflection Spectra 244(5) Plasma Oscillations 249(1) Optical Spectra of Alloys 250(4) Ordering 254(2) Corrosion 256(1) Semiconductors 257(3) Insulators (Dielectric Materials and Glass Fibers) 260(3) Emission of Light 263(22) Spontaneous Emission 263(1) Stimulated Emission (Lasers) 264(4) Helium-Neon Laser 268(2) Carbon Dioxide Laser 270(1) Semiconductor Laser 270(1) Direct-Versus Indirect-Band Gap Semiconductor Lasers 271(1) Wavelength of Emitted Light 272(2) Threshold Current Density 274(1) Homojunction Versus Heterojunction Lasers 274(2) Laser Modulation 276(1) Laser Amplifier 276(2) Quantum Well Lasers 278(1) Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 279(2) Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 281(2) Emissive Flat-Panel Displays 283(2) Integrated Optoelectronics 285(8) Passive Waveguides 285(2) Electro-Optical Waveguides (EOW) 287(1) Optical Modulators and Switches 288(1) Coupling and Device Integration 289(2) Energy Losses 291(2) Photonics 293(1) Optical Storage Devices 293(3) The Optical Computer 296(3) X-Ray Emission 299(4) Problems 301(1) Suggestions for Further Reading (Part III) 301(2) PART IV Magnetic Properties of Materials 303(62) Foundations of Magnetism 305(7) Introduction 305(1) Basic Concepts in Magnetism 306(4) Units 310(2) Problems 310(2) Magnetic Phenomena and Their Interpretation---Classical Approach 312(26) Overview 312(15) Diamagnetism 312(2) Paramagnetism 314(3) Ferromagnetism 317(6) Antiferromagnetism 323(2) Ferrimagnetism 325(2) Langevin Theory of Diamagnetism 327(2) Langevin Theory of (Electron Orbit) Paramagnetism 329(4) Molecular Field Theory 333(5) Problems 336(2) Quantum Mechanical Considerations 338(11) Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism 338(5) Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism 343(6) Problems 347(2) Applications 349(16) Introduction 349(1) Electrical Steels (Soft Magnetic Materials) 349(6) Core Losses 350(2) Grain Orientation 352(2) Composition of Core Materials 354(1) Amorphous Ferromagnetics 354(1) Permanent Magnets (Hard Magnetic Materials) 355(3) Magnetic Recording and Magnetic Memories 358(7) Problems 364(1) Suggestions for Further Reading (Part IV) 364(1) PART V Thermal Properties of Materials 365(36) Introduction 367(3) Fundamentals of Thermal Properties 370(9) Heat, Work, and Energy 370(1) Heat Capacity, C' 371(1) Specific Heat Capacity, c 372(1) Molar Heat Capacity, Cv 372(2) Thermal Conductivity, K 374(1) The Ideal Gas Equation 375(1) Kinetic Energy of Gases 376(3) Problems 377(2) Heat Capacity 379(11) Classical (Atomistic) Theory of Heat Capacity 379(2) Quantum Mechanical Considerations---The Phonon 381(4) Einstein Model 381(3) Debye Model 384(1) Electronic Contribution to the Heat Capacity 385(5) Problems 389(1) Thermal Conduction 390(7) Thermal Conduction in Metals and Alloys---Classical Approach 390(2) Thermal Conduction in Metals and Alloys---Quantum Mechanical Considerations 392(1) Thermal Conduction in Dielectric Materials 393(4) Problems 395(2) Thermal Expansion 397(4) Problems 399(1) Suggestions for Further Reading (Part V) 399(2) Appendices 401(25) App. 1. Periodic Disturbances 403(4) App. 2. Euler Equations 407(1) App. 3. Summary of Quantum Number Characteristics 408(2) App. 4. Tables 410(10) App. 5. About Solving Problems and Solutions to Problems 420(6) Index 426