Emergence of Qatar : The Turbulent Years 1627-1916

List of Plates xix Glossary xxi Abbreviations xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxix Historical and Geo-Political Setting 1(14) Qatar in Ancient and Medieval Times 1(1) Towns and Topography in Modern Times 2(2) The British Survey of Qatar 4(4) Shaikhs and Tribes in Qatar 8(1) Al-Thani Family 8(2) The Major Powers 10(5) The Shifting Balance from Zubara to Al-Bida 15(24) The Foundation of Zubara 15(3) The Rise of Zubara 18(1) Zubara's Occupation of Bahrain 19(2) Wahabi Rule and the Fall of Zubara 21(3) The Ascendancy of bin Jaber 24(3) The Flight of bin Jaber 27(2) The Emergence of al-Bida 29(2) Conclusion 31(8) The Struggle for Power in Bahrain and the Fall of Bin Tarif 39(22) External Pressure on Bahrain 39(1) Bahrain's Interference in al-Huwailah 40(2) Bin Tarif 42(4) British action against al-Bida 46(2) British contact with bin Thani 48(2) Bin Tarif in al-Bida 50(1) The battle of Fuwairet 50(4) Conclusion 54(7) Bin Thani and the Unification of Qatar 61(32) Bin Thani's move to Al-Bida 61(2) Wahabi Plans to invade Bahrain 63(2) Bin Thani's support for Faisal 65(2) British Intervention 67(1) Faisal's withdrawal 68(1) Collapse of the Peace Treaty 69(3) The Problem of Zakat 72(1) Bahraini Interference in Wakra 73(1) Resumption of Tribute Payment 74(1) Attack on Wakra and Doha 75(2) The 1868 Treaty 77(3) Unification of Qatar 80(1) Conclusion 81(12) The Ottomans in al-Bida and the Ascendancy of Shaikh Jasim 93(32) Nejd Expedition 94(1) Landing at al-Bida 94(2) Struggle for Zubara 96(3) Emergence of Shaikh Jasim 99(4) Administrative Reforms 103(4) Battle of Wajbah 107(5) British Involvement 112(4) Conclusion 116(9) The 1895 Zubara Tragedy and the Aftermath 125(26) Gathering Storm 125(4) Pelly's Zubara Proceedings 129(3) Ottoman Intervention 132(2) Bombardment of Zubara 134(4) Post Aggression Settlement 138(4) The Minor Uprising 142(1) Conclusion 143(8) Struggle for British Protection 151(26) The Question of protection 151(4) Mudirs for Zubara, Wakra and Khor al-Odaid 155(7) Curzon's Historic Visit 162(2) Pearls and the Qatar Treaty 164(5) Perideaux's Mission and Internal Issues of Qatar 169(3) Conclusion 172(5) The Last Phase of Shaikh Jasim's Rulership and the Zakhnuniyah Crisis 177(24) The Governorship of Shaikh Abdullah 177(3) Shaikh Jasim's Saudi Mediation 180(1) Economic Conditions 181(1) Anglo-Ottoman Row over Wakra 182(3) Arms Trade 185 Ottoman Occupation of Zakhnuniyah 180(7) Evacuation of Zakhnuniyah and the Question of the Qatar Treaty 187(7) Conclusion 194(7) The Baghdad Railway and the Status of Qatar 201(34) Britain and the Railway 201(2) Qatar in the Anglo-Ottoman Negotiations 203(8) The Convention of 1913 and the Autonomy of Qatar 211(3) Post Convention Qatar 214(4) The War Time Situation 218(3) Ottoman Evacuation of al-Bida 221(1) The Treaty Negotiations 222(3) The Treaty of 1916 225(1) Conclusion 226(9) Summary and Concluding Remarks 235(36) Appendices Appendix I Report on the Battle of Fuwairet, 1847 Appendix II Col. Pelly's findings on Zakat paid by the Chiefs of Qatar and Bahrain to the Wahabi Amir Appendix III Shaikh Mohammad bin Thani's acceptance of the Ottoman Flag Appendix IV Shaikh Jasim's Statement on Battle of Wajbah Appendix V Commander Pelly's Naval action at Zubara Appendix VI Ottoman Intrigues against Shaikh Jasim Appendix VII Shaikh Jasim's Message for British Protection of Ibn Saud Appendix VIII The Ottoman Evacuation of al-Bida Fort Appendix IX Treaty between the British Government and Shaikh Abdullah bin Jasim bin Thani, Shaikh of Qatar, dated the 3rd November 1916 Appendix X Table of the Ruling Al-Thani Family of Qatar Appendix XI British Political Residents in the Persian Gulf, 1763-1917 Appendix XII British Political Agents in Bahrain, 1900-1918 Bibliography 271(6) Index 277