Energy in Nature and Society : General Energetics of Complex Systems

Preface ix The Universal Link: Energetics, Energy, and Power 1(22) Evolution of Energetics: From Aristotle to Kinstein 2(10) Approaches to Understanding: Concepts, Variables, Units 12(11) Planetary Energetics: Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere 23(38) Sun: The Star and Its Radiation 24(5) Energy Balance of the Earth: Radiation Fluxes 29(7) Hydrosphere and Atmosphere: Thermal and Mass Fluxes 36(3) Water and Air in Motion: Kinetic Fluxes 39(8) Geoenergetics: Heat, Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, Earthquakes 47(14) Photosynthesis: Bioenergetics of Primary Production 61(28) Photosynthetic Pathways 62(7) Global Primary Productivity 69(5) Productivities of Ecosystems and Plants 74(4) Phytomass Stores 78(6) Autotrophic Scaling 84(5) Heterotrophic Conversions: Consumer Bioenergetics 89(30) Metabolic Capabilities 90(7) Ectotherms and Endotherms 97(5) Locomotion 102(8) Biomasses and Productivities 110(3) Heterotrophs in Ecosystems 113(6) Human Energetics: People as Simple Heterotrophs 119(28) Energy Sources and Basal Metabolism 120(5) Requirements and Uncertainties 125(6) Thermoregulation 131(3) Limits of Human Performance 134(5) Gathering, Hunting, and Fishing 139(8) Traditional Food Production: Humans as Solar Farmers 147(26) Extensive Practices 149(3) Permanent Cropping 152(3) Muscles, Implements, Machines 155(6) Cropping Intensification 161(5) Traditional Agricultures 166(7) Preindustrial Complexification: Prime Movers and Fuels in Traditional Societies 173(30) Animate Power: Human and Animal Muscles 174(6) Water and Wind: Wheels and Mills 180(8) Phytomass Fuels and Metallurgy: Wood, Charcoal, Crop Residues 188(4) Construction: Methods and Structures 192(4) Transportation: Roads and Ships 196(7) Fossil Fuels: Heat, Light, and Prime Movers 203(38) Coals: The Earliest Modern Fuels 206(4) Hydrocarbons: Crude Oils and Natural Gases 210(7) From Extraction to Combustion: Modern Fossil Fuel Industries 217(11) Mechanical Prime Movers: Engines and Turbines 228(7) Fossil-Fueled Electricity: Generation and Transmission 235(6) Fossil-Fueled Civilization: Patterns and Trends 241(32) Fuels and Fossil-Fueled Electricity: Energy Production and Trade 242(5) Nonfossil Contributions: Biomass and Primary Electricity 247(10) Global Consumption Patterns: Growth and Inequality 257(7) Qualitative Changes: Transitions and Efficiencies 264(4) Energy Conservation: Gains and Rebounds 268(5) Energy Costs: Valuations and Changes 273(34) Energy Cost of Energy: Net Gains 276(5) Basic Materials: From Concrete to Fertilizers 281(7) Structures and Products: From Buildings to Computers 288(3) Crops and Animal Foods: Subsidized Diets 291(9) Modern Food System: Gains, Costs, Efficiencies 300(7) Environmental Consequences: Metabolism of Fossil-Fueled Civilization 307(28) Power Densities: Energy and Land 308(7) Energy Conversions and Heat Rejection 315(5) Energy and Water 320(4) Energy and the Atmosphere 324(3) Interference in Grand Biospheric Cycles 327(8) Energetic Correlates: Complexities of High-Energy Civilization 335(30) Energy and the Economy 335(6) Energy and Value 341(5) Energy and the Quality of Life 346(5) Energy and War 351(5) Energy and the Future 356(9) Grand Patterns: Energetic and Other Essentials 365(24) Energy in the Biosphere 366(6) Energy and Civilization 372(8) The Challenges Ahead 380(9) Appendix 389(10) Selected Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols 399(2) References 401(60) Name Index 461(2) Subject Index 463