Pepper, Ian L.; Gerba, Charles P.; Brusseau, Mark L.

Environmental and Pollution Science

Preface xv The Editors xvii Contributing Authors xviii The Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science (SWES) xx PART 1 PROCESSES AFFECTING FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS The Extent of Global Pollution 3(10) I.L. Pepper C.P. Gerba M.L. Brusseau Science and Pollution 4(1) Global Perspective of the Environment 5(1) Pollution and Population Pressures 6(2) Overview of Environmental Characterization 8(2) Soil and the Subsurface 8(1) Water 8(1) Air 9(1) Advances in Analytical Detection Technology 10(1) Advances in Chemical Analysis 10(1) Advances in Biological Analysis 10(1) The Risk Based Approach to Pollution Science 10(2) Waste Management, Site Remediation, and Ecosystem Restoration 12(1) References and Additional Reading 12(1) Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Soils and the Subsurface 13(11) I.L. Pepper M.L. Brusseau Soil and Subsurface Environments 14(1) Solid Phase 14(6) Soil Profiles 14(2) Primary Particles and Soil Texture 16(1) Soil Structure 16(2) Cation-Exchange Capacity 18(1) Soil pH 18(1) Organic Matter 19(1) Vadose Zone---Solid Phase 20(1) Gaseous Phase 20(1) Constituents of Soil Atmosphere 20(1) Availability of Oxygen and Soil Respiration 20(1) Gaseous Phase Within the Vadose Zone 21(1) Liquid Phase 21(1) Basic Physical Properties 21(3) Bulk Density 21(1) Porosity 21(1) Soil Water Content 22(1) Soil Temperature 22(1) Questions and Problems 23(1) References and Additional Reading 23(1) Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Waters 24(22) D.B. Walker M.L. Brusseau K. Fitzsimmons The Watery Planet 25(1) Distribution 25(1) The Hydrologic Cycle 25(1) Unique Properties of Water 26(1) Structure and Polarity 26(1) Thermal Properties 26(1) Mechanical Properties 27(1) Interception, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff 27(1) The Universal Solvent 28(4) Concentration Terminology 29(1) Oxygen and Other Gases in Water 29(1) Carbon Dioxide in Water 30(2) Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 32(1) Light in Aquatic Environments 33(1) Light Energy 33(1) Light at and Below the Water Surface 33(1) Oceans 34(1) Salts 34(1) Transport and Accumulation of Pollutants 34(1) Wave Morphology and Currents 34(1) Lakes and Reservoirs---The Lentic System 35(2) Lentic Typology 35(1) Trophic State 35