Environmental Ethics : An Invitation To Environmental Philosophy

Preface xiii I BASIC CONCEPTS 1(42) Science, Ethics, and the Environment 3(14) Discussion: Technological Solutions to Environmental Problems 3(2) Introduction: Why Philosophy? 5(3) Science and Ethics 8(4) What is Environmental Ethics? 12(2) Summary and Conclusions 14(3) Notes 14(1) Discussion Questions 15(1) Further Reading 15(2) Ethical Theory and the Environment 17(26) Discussion: Why Protect Endangered Species? 17(1) Introduction 18(3) Why Ethical Theory? 21(1) Ethical Relativism 22(1) The Natural Law Tradition---Teleology and Virtues 23(3) Contemporary Perspectives on Teleology 26(4) The Utilitarian Tradition 30(2) Contemporary Perspectives on Utilitarianism 32(1) Deontology: An Ethics of Duty and Rights 33(2) Contemporary Perspectives on Deontological Ethics 35(1) Religious Environmental Ethics 36(3) Summary and Conclusions 39(4) Notes 40(1) Discussion Questions 40(1) Further Reading 41(2) II ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AS APPLIED ETHICS 43(80) Ethics and Economics: Managing Public Lands 45(25) Discussion: Development versus Preservation 45(1) Introduction 46(1) Forests: Conservation or Preservation? 47(3) Managing the National Forests 50(5) Pollution and Economics 55(3) Ethical Issues in Economic Analysis 58(2) Cost--Benefit Analysis 60(2) Ethical Analysis and Environmental Economics 62(4) Summary and Conclusions 66(4) Notes 67(1) Discussion Questions 68(1) Further Reading 69(1) Responsibilities to Future Generations: Sustainable Development 70(24) Discussion: Population and Consumption 70(2) Introduction 72(1) Population, Consumption, and Environmental Ethics 73(1) Do We Have Responsibilities to Future Generations? 74(4) What do We Owe Future Generations? 78(8) Consumption and Sustainable Development 86(4) Summary and Conclusions 90(4) Notes 91(1) Discussion Questions 92(1) Further Reading 93(1) Responsibilities to the Natural World: From Anthropocentric to Nonanthropocentric Ethics 94(29) Discussion: Animal Research and Factory Farming 94(1) Introduction 95(1) Moral Standing in the Western Tradition 96(3) Early Environmental Ethics 99(4) Moral Standing 103(3) Do Trees Have Standing? 106(3) Peter Singer and the Animal Liberation Movement 109(2) Tom Regan and Animal Rights 111(2) Ethical Implications of Animal Welfare 113(1) Critical Challenges 114(4) Summary and Conclusions 118(5) Notes 119(2) Discussion Questions 121(1) Further Reading 122(1) III THEORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 123(150) Biocentric Ethics and the Inherent Value of Life 125(23) Discussion: Biodiversity 125(1) Introduction 126(2) Instrumental Value and Intrinsic Value 128(3) Biocentric Ethics and the Reverence for Life 131(3) Ethics and Character 134(2) Taylor's Biocentric Ethics 136(3) Practical Implications 139(3) Challenges and Developments 142(3) Summary and Conclusions 145(3) Notes 145(2) Discussion Questions 147(1) Further Reading 147(1) Wilderness, Ecology, and Ethics 148(28) Discussion: Wilderness Management: The Cases of Yellowstone and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness 148(3) Introduction 151(1) The Wilderness Ideal 152(4) The Wilderness ``Myth'': The Contemporary Debate 156(6) From Ecology to Philosophy 162(6) From Ecology to Ethics 168(2) Varieties of Holism 170(2) Summary and Conclusions 172(4) Notes 172(2) Discussion Questions 174(1) Further Reading 174(2) The Land Ethic 176(26) Discussion: A Place for Predators 176(3) Introduction 179(1) The Land Ethic 180(4) Leopold's Holism 184(2) Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Facts and Values 186(3) Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Holistic Ethics 189(6) Callicott's Revisions 195(4) Summary and Conclusions 199(3) Notes 199(2) Discussion Questions 201(1) Further Reading 201(1) Deep Ecology 202(22) Discussion: Eco-philosophy as Religion 202(2) Introduction 204(2) The Deep Ecology Platform 206(1) Ecology and Ecophilosophy 207(2) Metaphysical Ecology 209(3) From Metaphysics to Ethics 212(3) Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality 215(3) Criticisms 218(3) Summary and Conclusions 221(3) Notes 221(1) Discussion Questions 222(1) Further Reading 223(1) Environmental Justice and Social Ecology 224(19) Discussion: Exporting Toxic Wastes: The World Bank Memo 224(1) Introduction 225(1) Theories of Social Justice 226(2) Property Rights and Justice 228(3) Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism 231(3) Murray Bookchin's Social Ecology 234(3) Critical Reflections 237(3) Summary and Conclusions 240(3) Notes 240(2) Discussion Questions 242(1) Further Reading 242(1) Ecofeminism 243(15) Discussion: The Chipko Movement 243(1) Introduction 244(3) Ecofeminism: Making Connections 247(4) Ecofeminism: Recent Developments 251(3) Summary and Conclusions 254(4) Notes 255(1) Discussion Questions 256(1) Further Reading 257(1) Pluralism, Pragmatism, and Sustainability 258(15) Discussion: Community-Based Conservation 258(3) Introduction: Agreement and Disagreement in Environmental Ethics 261(1) Moral Pluralism and Moral Monism 262(3) Environmental Pragmatism 265(4) Conclusion: Sustainability Revisited 269(4) Notes 271(2) Glossary 273(4) Index 277