Evolution in Health and Disease

List of Contributors xix Part I Introduction 1(16) Introducing evolutionary thinking for medicine 3(14) Stephen C. Stearns Randolph M. Nesse David Haig Introduction 3(1) Mismatched to modernity 3(2) Adaptation takes time: lactose tolerance 3(1) Birth control and cancer risk 4(1) Early-life events with late-life consequences 4(1) Parasite load and autoimmune disease 4(1) Infection 5(1) Resistance 5(1) Virulence 5(1) Emerging diseases 5(1) Reproduction 5(1) Evolved conflicts between mother and offspring 5(1) Evolved conflicts between mother and father 6(1) Spontaneous abortions and complementary immune genes 6(1) Populations have histories 6(1) Evolutionary technologies 7(1) Phylogenetic reconstructions 7(1) Attenuated live vaccines 7(1) The nature of evolutionary explanations 7(1) Microevolution, macroevolution, and development 7(1) Mechanistic and evolutionary explanations 8(1) Natural selection 8(2) How selection works 8(1) Fitness is relative reproductive success 9(1) Natural selection has several components: individual, sexual, and kin selection 9(1) Traits do not evolve for the good of the species 10(1) Random events and neutral variation: how neutral evolution works 10(1) Trade-offs 11(1) Macroevolution 12(1) Relationships and fossils reveal history 12(1) Constraints: eyes and tubes 12(1) Conclusion 13(1) Health, fitness, and the pursuit of happiness 13(1) Human diversity 13(1) Implications for medical practice, research, and education 14(1) What doctors need to know about evolution and why 14(3) Part II The history and variation of human genes 17(46) Global spatial patterns of infectious diseases and human evolution 19(12) Jean-Francois Guegan Franck Prugnolle Frederic Thomas Introduction 19(1) Geographical aspects of human diseases 19(4) Latitude and the species diversity of human pathogens 20(1) Longitude and the species diversity of human pathogens 21(1) Latitude and the nested pattern of human pathogens 21(1) Latitude and the geographical range of human pathogens 21(1) Geographical area and the species diversity of human pathogens 21(1) Historical patterns of the distribution of disease 22(1) Pathogen distribution and human genetic evolution 23(3) Pathogen distribution and human genetic evolution: the case of sickle cell disease 23(2) Variations in pathogen diversity and human genetic evolution: the HLA genes 25(1) Infectious diseases and human life-history traits 26(2) Human fertility and the species diversity of human pathogens 27(1) Human birthweight and the species diversity of human pathogens 27(1) Human behavior and culture, and the species diversity of human pathogens 27(1) Summary 28(1) Acknowledgments 29(2) Medically relevant variation in the human genome 31(12) Diddahally R. Govindaraju Lynn B. Jorde Introduction 31(1) Molecular markers 32(3) Microsatellites 32(2) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 34(1) Haplotypes 34(1) Determination of haplotypes 35(1) Linkage disequilibrium, recombination and haplotype blocks 35(2) Linkage disequilibrium 35(1) Recombination and recombination hotspots 36(1) The structured genome---haplotype blocks 37(1) TagSNPs 37(1) The HapMap project 37(3) Background 37(1) Findings 38(2) Structural variation 40(1) Inference of evolutionary processes 40(1) Natural selection 40(1) Genetic drift 41(1) Admixture 41(1) Causal SNPs and the magnitude of their effects 41(1) Summary 42(1) Acknowledgments 42(1) Health consequences of ecogenetic variation 43(8) Michael Bamshad Arno G. Motulsky Introduction 43(1) Genetic basis of variation in drug metabolism and response 44(1) Genetic basis of monogenic drug reactions 44(1) Genetic basis of complex pharmacogenetic traits 45(1) Genetic basis of chemosensory perception and food preferences 45(4) Bitter taste sensitivity 46(1) Sweet and umami taste sensitivity 47(1) Lactase persistence 48(1) The structure of human populations 49(1) Correspondence between race and population structure 49(1) Race as a proxy for genetic ancestry 50(1) Conclusions 50(1) Acknowledgments 50(1) Human genetic variation of medical significance 51(12) Kenneth K. Kidd Judith R. Kidd Introduction 51(1) The pattern of human genetic variation 51(7) The amount and nature of human genetic variation 52(1) The human expansion out of Africa 52(1) The impact of genetic variants---or lack of it 53(2) The role of selection 55(1) The impact of population bottlenecks on genetic patterns 55(1) Disease can cause bottlenecks 56(2) Migration out of Africa 58(1) Complex disease and evolution 58(4) Genetic influences on alcoholism 59(1) Variation in ethanol metabolism and alcoholism 59(2) Variation in taste perception and alcohol dependence 61(1) Summary 62(1) Acknowledgments 62(1) Part III Natural selection and evolutionary conflicts 63(60) Intimate relations: Evolutionary conflicts of pregnancy and childhood 65(12) David Haig Introduction 65(1) Parental justice 65(1) Internal conflicts 66(1) Credibility problems 67(1) Pregnancy termination 67(4) Menstruation 67(1) Selective abortion 68(1) Gestation length 69(1) Infanticide 70(1) Maternal circulation 71(1) Preeclampsia 72(1) Growth 73(3) Fat 73(1) Brains and bodies 74(1) Intergenerational conflicts 75(1) Summary 76(1) Acknowledgments 76(1) How hormones mediate trade-offs in human health and disease 77(18) Richard G. Bribiescas Peter T. Ellison Introduction: Hormones, life history, evolution, and health 77(3) Hormones and trade-offs 77(2) Hormones, population variation, and phenotypic plasticity 79(1) Hormones and trade-offs in males 80(5) Androgens and fetal development 80(1) Childhood quiescence 80(1) Adolescent development, morbidity, and mortality 81(1) What are the benefits of testosterone in adult males? 81(1) Testosterone and somatic investment 82(1) Testosterone and immune function 82(2) Fatherhood and paternal investment 84(1) The aging male 84(1) Hormones and female reproductive trade-offs 85(6) Constraints on female reproductive success 85(1) Birthweight and infant survival 86(1) Parturition 86(1) Lactation and birth spacing 87(1) The resumption of ovarian cycling 88(1) Waiting time to conception 88(1) The timing of conception and human reproductive seasonality