Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly; Schmidt, Jennifer A.; Hektner, Joel M.

Experience Sampling Method : Measuring the Quality of Everyday Life

List of Tables and Figures ix Acknowledgments xiii Part I: The Origins of ESM 1. Epistemological Foundations for the Measurement of Experience 3(12) A Systematic Phenomenology 4(2) The Experience Sampling Method 6(1) A Brief History 7(2) How Trustworthy Are Subjective Self-Reports? 9(2) What Can We Learn From ESM? 11(4) 2. Theoretical Foundations of ESM 15(16) Biology, Culture, and Daily Behavior 16(3) Subjective Experience in Context: The Interplay of Psychological Processes and Cognitive Functions 19(5) Interaction of Individuals and Environments 24(1) Experience Fluctuations, Well-Being, and Development 25(3) A Theoretical Compass for Exploring Experience 28(3) Part II: How to Measure the Quality of Everyday Life 3. Collecting the Data 31(30) Designing a Study Using ESM 32(3) Equipment and Signaling Schedules 35(8) Designing the Form 43(3) Other Design Decisions 46(4) Implementing the Study 50(8) Documentation 58(3) 4. Dealing With the Data: Coding, Entry, Cleaning, and Data Management 61(20) Developing a Codebook 62(1) Coding the External Coordinates of Experience 63(6) Coding the Internal Coordinates of Experience 69(2) What to Do With the Codes Once They Are Developed: Physically Coding and Entering the Data 71(2) Setup, Cleaning, and Manipulation of Data Files 73(2) Response-Level Data and Person-Level Data 75(2) Postentry Data Manipulation 77(2) Data File Management and Documentation 79(1) Notes 80(1) 5. Types of Analyses 81(22) Qualitative Approaches 82(2) Graphic and Numeric Descriptive Information 84(5) Planning for Statistical Analyses 89(1) OLS Statistical Techniques 90(8) Multilevel and Other Complex Statistical Techniques 98(5) 6. Psychometrics of ESM Data 103(22) Validity of Method 104(6) Validity of ESM Measurements 110(5) Reliability of ESM Measurements 115(10) Part III: Uses of ESM in Social Science Research 7. Samples of Experience 125(24) The Who, What, Where, When, and How of Daily Experiences 125(4) Quality of Experience in Selected Activites 129(3) Quality of Experience of Selected Groups of People 132(5) Emotions, Well-Being, and Flow 137(12) 8. The Experience of Males and Females 149(14) Differences in Activities 150(1) Differences in Companionship 151(3) Similarities and Differences in Emotional Experience 154(6) Other Gender Differences in Adolescence 160(3) 9. The Experience of Family Life 163(18) Methodological Concerns and Variations 164(1) The Couple Relationship 165(1) The Arrival of the First Child 166(2) Juggling Work and Family Roles 168(3) The Adolescent's Experience of Family 171(3) Transmission of Emotions Between Family Members 174(3) Comparisions Between Families: Optimal Conditions for Adolescent Development 177(4) 10. The Experience of Work 181(24) Methodological Concerns and Variations 181(3) Time and Work 184(2) The Quality of Experience at Work: General Trends 186(3) The Quality of Experience Across Workers 189(2) The Quality of Experience Across Work Activities 191(5) The Intersection of Work and Family 196(2) The Experience of Unemployment 198(1) Adolescent Work 198(7) 11. Examining Cross-Cultural Differences 205(24) Methodological Concerns and Variations 206(1) Culture and Time Use 207(4) Cross-Cultural Variation in General Affective Experience 211(2) Culture and Subjective Experience in Various Activities 213(4) Cross-Cultural Examinations of Flow 217(2) Studies of American Subcultures 219(10) 12. Educational Applications 229(24) Methodological Concerns and Variations 230(2) Time Use and the Structure of Classrooms 232(3) The Quality of Students' Classroom Experiences 235(8) Comparing Students' Classroom Experiences 243(6) After-School Programs 249(1) Studies of Adult Learners 249(1) The Experience of Teachers 250(3) 13. Clinical Applications 253(24) Methodological Concerns and Variations 254(1) Use of ESM for Describing and Contextualizing Experiences of Disorder 255(15) Use of ESM in Therapy and in Treatment Evaluation 270(7) Concluding Thoughts 277(16) Ten Major Issues ESM Illuminates 279(14) Appendix A: Sample ESM Data Collection Forms (ESFs) 293(6) Appendix B: ESM Coding Scheme Used in the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development 299(10) References 309(32) Index 341(10) About the Authors 351