Fiber Optic Communications

Preface xi Fiber Optic Communications Systems 1(39) Historical Perspective 1(1) The Basic Communications System 2(18) Nature of Light 20(4) Advantages of Fibers 24(4) Applications of Fiber Optic Communications 28(5) Summary and Discussion 33(7) Problems 37(2) References 39(1) Optics Review 40(21) Ray Theory and Applications 40(4) Lenses 44(5) Imaging 49(3) Numerical Aperture 52(2) Diffraction 54(4) Summary and Discussion 58(3) Problems 59(1) References 60(1) Lightwave Fundamentals 61(32) Electromagnetic Waves 61(3) Dispersion, Pulse Distortion, and Information Rate 64(13) Polarization 77(1) Resonant Cavities 78(4) Reflection at a Plane Boundary 82(5) Critical-Angle Reflections 87(2) Summary and Discussion 89(4) Problems 90(2) References 92(1) Integrated Optic Waveguides 93(29) Dielectric-Slab Waveguide 93(1) Modes in the Symmetric-Slab Waveguide 94(9) Modes in the Asymmetric-Slab Waveguide 103(1) Coupling to the Waveguide 104(7) Dispersion and Distortion in the Slab Waveguide 111(2) Integrated Optic Components 113(5) Summary and Discussion 118(4) Problems 119(2) References 121(1) Optic Fiber Waveguides 122(54) Step-Index Fiber 122(3) Graded-Index Fiber 125(4) Attenuation 129(10) Modes and Fields in Step-Index Fibers 139(6) Modes and Fields in Graded-Index Fibers 145(3) Pulse Distortion and Information Rate in Optic Fibers 148(9) Construction of Optic Fibers 157(5) Optic-Fiber Cables 162(8) Summary and Discussion 170(6) Problems 172(2) References 174(2) Optical Sources and Amplifiers 176(42) Light-Emitting Diodes 176(3) Light-Emitting-Diode Operating Characteristics 179(7) Laser Principles 186(5) Laser Diodes 191(1) Laser-Diode Operating Characteristics 192(8) Narrow-Spectral-Width and Tunable Laser Diodes 200(3) Optical Amplifiers 203(8) Fiber Lasers 211(2) Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Diodes 213(1) Summary and Discussion 213(5) Problems 214(3) References 217(1) Light Detectors 218(20) Principles of Photodetection 218(1) Photomultiplier 219(4) Semiconductor Photodiode 223(2) PIN Photodiode 225(7) Avalanche Photodiode 232(2) Summary and Discussion 234(4) Problems 235(2) References 237(1) Couplers and Connectors 238(36) Connector Principles 238(12) Fiber-End Preparation 250(2) Splices 252(5) Connectors 257(8) Source Coupling 265(6) Summary and Discussion 271(3) Problems 271(2) References 273(1) Distribution Networks and Fiber Components 274(47) Distribution Networks 275(9) Directional Couplers 284(5) Star Couplers 289(2) Switches 291(2) Fiber-Optical Isolator 293(3) Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 296(7) Fiber Bragg Gratings 303(2) Arrayed-Waveguide Gratings 305(3) MEMS Switches 308(5) Other Components: Attenuator, Circulator, and Polarization Controller 313(2) Summary and Discussion 315(6) Problems 316(3) References 319(2) Modulation 321(36) Light-Emitting-Diode Modulation and Circuits 321(7) Laser-Diode Modulation and Circuits 328(2) Analog-Modulation Formats 330(4) Digital-Modulation Formats 334(8) Electroabsorption Modulator 342(3) Optic-Heterodyne Receivers 345(6) Summary and Discussion 351(6) Problems 353(2) References 355(2) Noise and Detection 357(40) Thermal and Shot Noise 357(4) Signal-to-Noise Ratio 361(10) Error Rates 371(8) Modal Noise, Mode-Partition Noise, Amplifier Noise, Laser Noise, and Jitter 379(8) Other Sources of Noise 387(1) Receiver Circuit Design 388(3) Summary and Discussion 391(6) Problems 392(3) References 395(2) System Design 397(18) Design of Analog Systems 397(4) Design of Digital Systems 401(11) Summary and Discussion 412(3) Problems 413(1) References 414(1) Answers to Selected Problems 415(7) Bibliography 422(8) Index 430