Fiber Optic Essentials

Preface ix Chapter 1 Fiber, Cables, and Connectors 1(28) 1.1 Optical Fiber Principles 4(9) 1.2 Basic Terminology 13(3) 1.3 Single-Mode Fiber 16(3) 1.4 Multimode Fiber 19(1) 1.5 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) 20(1) 1.6 Plastic Optical Fiber 21(2) 1.7 Cables 23(3) References 26(3) Chapter 2 Transmitters 29(26) 2.1 Basic Transmitter Specification Terminology 30(4) 2.1.1 Laser Safety 32(2) 2.2 Light Emitting Diodes 34(5) 2.3 Lasers 39(9) 2.3.1 Double Heterostructure Laser Diodes 43(1) 2.3.2 Quantum Well (QW) and Strained Layer (SL) Quantum Well Lasers 44(1) 2.3.3 Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) and Distributed Feedback (DFB) Lasers 45(2) 2.3.4 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers 47(1) 2.4 Modulators 48(5) 2.4.1 Lithium Niobate Modulators 50(1) 2.4.2 Electroabsorption Modulators 51(1) 2.4.3 Electro Optic and Electrorefractive Semiconductor Modulators 52(1) References 53(2) Chapter 3 Detectors and Receivers 55(38) 3.1 Basic Detector Specification Terminology 56(6) 3.2 PN Photodiode 62(3) 3.3 PIN Photodiode 65(8) 3.4 Other Detectors 73(12) 3.4.1 Avalanche Photodiode 74(2) 3.4.2 Photodiode Array 76(2) 3.4.3 Schottky-Barrier Photodiodes 78(1) 3.4.4 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) Detectors 79(3) 3.4.5 Resonant-Cavity Enhanced Photodetectors (RECAP) 82(1) 3.4.6 Interferometric Sensors 83(2) 3.5 Noise 85(6) 3.5.1 Shot Noise 88(1) 3.5.2 Thermal Noise 88(1) 3.5.3 Other Noise Sources 89(1) 3.5.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 90(1) References 91(2) Chapter 4 Fiber Optic Link Design 93(18) 4.1 Figures of Merit 93(5) 4.2 Link Budget Analysis 98(2) 4.2.1 Installation Loss 98(1) 4.2.2 Transmission Loss 99(1) 4.2.3 Attenuation vs. Wavelength 99(1) 4.2.4 Connector and Splice Loss 99(1) 4.3 Optical Power Penalties 100(8) 4.3.1 Dispersion 100(3) 4.3.2 Mode Partition Noise 103(1) 4.3.3 Relative Intensity Noise 104(1) 4.3.4 Jitter 105(1) 4.3.5 Modal Noise 106(1) 4.3.6 Radiation Induced Loss 107(1) References 108(3) Chapter 5 Repeaters and Optical Amplifiers 111(14) 5.1 Repeaters 114(1) 5.2 Optical Amplifiers 115(9) 5.2.1 Rare Earth Doped Optical Fiber Amplifiers 115(4) 5.2.2 Semiconductor Amplifiers 119(1) 5.2.3 Nonlinear Effects and Optical Amplifiers for WDM 120(4) References 124(1) Chapter 6 Wavelength Multiplexing 125(24) 6.1 WDM Design Considerations 130(5) 6.2 Network Topologies 135(3) 6.3 Latency 138(5) 6.4 Protection and Restoration 143(2) 6.5 Network Management 145(1) References 146(3) Chapter 7 Fiber Optic Communication Standards 149(16) 7.1 Why Do We Need Standards? 149(5) 7.2 ESCON/SBCON 154(1) 7.3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 155(2) 7.4 Fibre Channel Standard 157(1) 7.5 ATM/SONET 158(2) 7.6 Gigabit Ethernet 160(2) 7.7 InfiniBand 162(1) References 163(2) Chapter 8 Fabrication and Measurement 165(16) 8.1 Fabrication Techniques 165(5) 8.1.1 Fiber Drawing: Liquid Phase Methods 166(1) 8.1.2 Fiber Drawing: Chemical Vapor Deposition 167(3) 8.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings 170(1) 8.3 Semiconductor Device Fabrication 171(3) 8.4 Measurement Equipment 174(5) 8.4.1 Fiber Optic Power Meter 174(1) 8.4.2 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) 175(1) 8.4.3 Bit Error Rate Test (BERT) 176(1) 8.4.4 Digital Sampling Oscilloscope 177(2) References 179(2) Chapter 9 Medical Applications 181(14) 9.1 Endoscopes 182(4) 9.1.1 Rigid Endoscopes 185(1) 9.1.2 The Clinical Environment 186(1) 9.2 Laser Fibers 186(4) 9.2.1 Applications 188(2) 9.3 Illumination 190(1) 9.4 Biosensors 191(2) References 193(2) Chapter 10 Fiber Facts 195(12) 10.1 Basic Information 195(3) 10.1.1 Moore's "Law" and Optical Data Communication 196(1) 10.1.2 Internet Traffic 197(1) 10.1.3 Capacity vs. Cost 197(1) 10.2 Disaster Recovery Facts 198(2) 10.3 Fiber for Lighting and Illumination 200(3) 10.4 Unusual Applications and Future Developments 203(1) References 204(3) Chapter 11 Fiber Optic Timeline 207(12) 11.1 Basic Knowledge Timeline 208(3) 11.2 Timeline for Selected Optical Data Communications Milestones 211(2) 11.3 Timeline for Fiber Optic Milestones in Medical Applications 213(3) References 216(3) Appendix A Glossary 219(22) Appendix B Acronyms and Initials 241(20) Appendix C Measurement Conversion Tables 261(2) Index 263