Fluid Power Circuits and Controls : Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition

Preface v Brief Overview of Fluid Power 1(14) Introduction 1(1) Concept of Fluid Power 1(10) Basic Circuits 2(5) Basic Circuit Analysis 7(3) Efficiency 10(1) Summary 11(4) Fluid Power Basics 15(52) Introduction 15(1) Fluid Statics 16(8) Hydrostatic Pressure 16(6) Conservation of Mass 22(2) Functions of a Working Fluid 24(2) Fluid Properties 26(8) Viscosity 26(4) Bulk Modulus 30(1) Specific Gravity 31(1) Other Fluid Properties 31(3) Flow in Lines 34(11) Reynolds Number 35(2) Darcy's Equation 37(6) Losses in Fittings 43(2) Leakage Flow 45(3) Orifice Equation 48(13) Analysis to Illustrate Use of Orifice Equation 50(4) Use of Orifice Equation to Analyze Pressure Reducing Valve 54(7) Summary 61(4) Data for Selected Hydraulic Fluids 65(2) Pressure Control 67(34) Introduction 67(1) Review of Needed Symbols 68(1) Relief Valve 69(12) Direct-Acting Relief Valve 69(6) Pilot-Operated Relief Valve 75(2) Example Circuits Using Pilot-Operated Relief Valves 77(4) Unloading Valve 81(7) Sequence Valve and Pressure-Reducing Valve 88(4) Sequence Valve 88(1) Pressure-Reducing Valve 89(3) Counterbalance Valve and Brake Valve 92(3) Counterbalance Valve 92(2) Brake Valve 94(1) Summary 95(6) Creation and Control of Fluid Flow 101(52) Introduction 101(2) Fixed Displacement Pumps 103(1) Fixed Displacement Pump Circuits 104(5) Variable Displacement Pump Circuits 109(15) Vane Pump 110(4) Piston Pump 114(3) Improvement in Efficiency with Load Sensing 117(7) Comparison of Pump Performance Characteristics for Three Main Designs 124(13) Gerotor Pump 124(6) Vane Pump 130(2) Axial Piston Pump 132(5) Multiple Pump Circuits 137(1) Pump Mounts 138(2) Flow Control Valves 140(4) Flow Dividers 143(1) Circuits Using Flow Control Valves 144(2) Summary 146(7) Rotary Actuators 153(40) Introduction 153(4) Stall Torque Efficiency 157(2) Typical Performance Data for a Gear Motor 159(2) Comparison of Motor Performance Characteristics for Three Main Designs 161(3) Gear Motor 161(1) Vane Motor 162(1) Piston Motor 162(2) Performance Characteristics of Low-Speed, High-Torque Motors 164(3) Geroler Motor (Disc Valve) 164(1) Vane Motor (Low-Speed, High-Torque) 165(2) Design Example for Gear Motor Application 167(1) Functional Requirements 168(1) Other Design Considerations 168(1) Interaction of Pump and Motor Characteristics 168(4) Bent Axis Motors 172(7) Design Considerations for Bent Axis Motors 175(1) Performance Advantage of Bent Axis Design 176(3) Radial Piston Motors 179(1) Motor-Gearbox Combinations 180(3) Oscillating Actuator 183(2) Summary 185(2) Curve Fitting Technique 187(6) Hydrostatic Transmissions 193(78) Introduction 193(1) Mechanical Transmissions 193(8) Torque Converters 197(2) Shift Control of Automatic Transmission 199(2) Summary 201(1) Introduction to Hydrostatic Transmissions 201(2) Hydrostatic Transmissions for Vehicle Propulsion 203(2) Comparison of Hydrostatic and Mechanical Drives 203(1) Advantages of Hydrostatic Transmissions 204(1) Different Configurations of Hydrostatic Transmissions to Propel Vehicles 205(10) Hydrostatic Transmission with Two Wheel Motors 205(2) Hydrostatic Transmission with Final Drives 207(3) Hydrostatic Transmission with Variable Speed Motors 210(1) Vehicle with Two Hydrostatic Transmissions 210(2) Hydrostatic Drive for Three-Wheel Vehicle 212(1) Hydrostatic Transmission for Four-Wheel Drive Vehicle 212(3) Summary 215(1) Classification of Hydrostatic Transmissions 215(1) Closed-Circuit Hydrostatic Tansmissions 216(7) Charge Pump 216(3) Shuttle Valve 219(2) Cross-Port Relief Valves 221(1) Multipurpose Valves 222(1) Summary 222(1) Closed-Circuit, Closed-Loop Hydrostatic Transmissions 223(9) Review of Pump and Motor Operating Characteristics 223(3) Servo-Controlled Pump 226(3) Servo Valve Circuit 229(1) Response Time for Closed-Loop Circuit 230(1) Operation of Closed-Circuit, Closed-Loop Hydrostatic Transmission 231(1) Hydrostatic Transmission Design 232(19) Hydrostatic Drive for Sweet Sorghum Harvester 234(2) Example Solution for Design of Hydrostatic Drive for Sweet Sorghum Harvester 236(15) Summary 251(2) Basic Concepts in Traction 253(4) Selected Catalog Data for Hydrostatic Transmission Design Problems 257(14) Linear Actuators 271(40) Introduction 271(1) Analysis of Cylinders in Parallel and Series 271(6) Synchronization of Cylinders 277(3) Orifice-Type Flow Divider 279(1) Gear-Type Flow Divider 279(1) Mechanical Coupling 279(1) Cushioning 280(1) Rephasing of Cylinders 281(1) Presses 282(4) Pilot-Operated Check Valve 284(2) Load-Locking Circuit 286(1) Load Analysis 286(10) Analysis of Acceleration of a Load with a Cylinder 287(7) One Method for Incorporating the Influence of Various Factors during Acceleration Event 294(2) Types of Cylinders 296(5) Cylinder Selection 297(1) Cylinder Failure 297(4) Cylinder Construction 301(2) Summary 303(8) Temperature and Contamination Control 311(38) Introduction 311(1) Temperature Control 311(14) Methods for Cooling Hydraulic Oil 313(1) Heat Transfer from Reservoir 314(2) Heat Generated by the System 316(2) Design Example 318(6) Temperature Control Summary 324(1) Contamination Control 325(17) Sources of Contamination 325(1) Quantifying Fluid Cleanliness 326(2) Effects of Contamination on Various Components 328(5) Setting a Target Cleanliness Level 333(2) Achieving a Target Cleanliness Level 335(7) Monitoring the System Cleanliness Level 342(1) Summary 342(7) Auxiliary Components 349(40) Introduction 349(1) Reservoir 349(5) Reservoir Construction 350(4) Hydraulic Lines 354(11) Pipe 355(2) Hydraulic Tubing 357(5) Hydraulic Hose 362(3) Fluid Velocity in Conductors 365(3) Options for Connecting Components 368(5) Manifolds 370(2) Quick-Disconnect Coupling 372(1) Installation of Lines 373(2) Recommended Practices for Hydraulic Hose 374(1) Environmental Issues 374(1) Design Life of Components 375(3) System Integration 378(2) Port Connections 379(1) Tube or Hose Connections 380(1) Assembly 380(1) Summary 380(3) Selected Design Data for Fluid Conductors 383(6) Pneumatics 389(32) Introduction 389(1) Orifice Equation 390(2) Compressors 392(2) Reciprocating Piston Compressor 392(1) Diaphragm Compressor 392(1) Sliding Vane Rotary Compressor 392(1) Cooling 392(2) Receiver 394(1) Pipelines 394(1) Preparation of Compressed Air 394(5) Drying of Air 394(2) Air Filtration 396(1) Pressure Regulation 397(1) Compressed Air Lubrication 398(1) Service Units 398(1) Cylinders 399(4) Single-Acting Cylinders 399(1) Diaphragm Cylinder 399(1) Rolling Diaphragm Cylinders 400(1) Double-Acting Cylinders 400(1) Impact Cylinder 401(1) Free Air Consumption by Cylinders 401(2) Motors 403(5) Types of Pneumatic Motors 403(2) Characteristics of Pneumatic Motors 405(3) Additional Actuator Units 408(3) Cylinder with Mounted Air Control Block 408(1) Hydropneumatic Feed Unit 408(1) Feed Unit 409(1) Rotary Index Table 410(1) Air Cushion Sliding Table 410(1) Valves 411(4) Valve Symbols 411(1) Valve Design 412(1) Poppet Valves 412(1) Slide Valves 413(1) Other Valves 414(1) Summary 415(2) Standard Conditions 417(4) Servo Valves 421(66) Introduction 421(1) Concept 422(10) Feedback 425(1) Programmable Orifice 426(4) Control of Pump Displacement 430(1) Basic Servo Systems 430(2) Servo Valve Construction 432(8) Torque Motor 432(3) Methods for Shifting Servo Valve Spool 435(3) Valve Construction 438(2) Valve Performance 440(10) Rated Flow 440(1) Pressure Drop 441(2) Internal Leakage 443(1) Hysteresis 443(1) Threshold 443(1) Gain 443(2) Frequency Response 445(3) Phase Lag 448(2) Summary 450(1) Types of Servo Systems 450(7) Hydromechanical Servo System 450(1) Electrohydraulic Servo Systems 451(6) Servo Amplifiers 457(2) Servo Analysis 459(21) Open-Loop Gain 463(1) Natural Frequency 463(8) Error Terms 471(3) Introduction to the Laplace Domain 474(6) Summary 480(7) Proportional Valves 487(34) Introduction 487(1) Types of Proportional Valves 487(12) Force-Controlled Proportional Valves 488(9) Summary 497(1) Stroke-Controlled Proportional Valves 497(2) Analysis of Proportional Directional Control Valve 499(14) Overunning Load 501(6) Resistive Load 507(3) How a Proportional Direction Control Valve Functions in a Circuit 510(3) Comparison of Servo and Proportional Valves 513(1) Summary 514(3) Summary of Equations 517(4) Index 521