Foundation Design : Principles and Practices

Preface xiii Notation and Units of Measurement xv PART A -- General Principles 1(142) Foundations in Civil Engineering 3(11) The Emergence of Modern Foundation Engineering 4(2) The Foundation Engineer 6(1) Uncertainties 7(2) Building Codes 9(1) Classification of Foundations 10(4) Key to Color Photographs 11(3) Performance Requirements 14(33) Design Loads 15(9) Strength Requirements 24(1) Questions and Practice Problems 2.1--2.4 25(1) Serviceability Requirements 25(16) Questions and Practice Problems 2.5--2.8 41(1) Constructibility Requirements 41(2) Economic Requirements 43(4) Summary 44(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 2.9--2.14 45(2) Soil Mechanics 47(55) Soil Composition 47(8) Soil Classification 55(2) Questions and Practice Problems 3.1--3.4 56(1) Groundwater 57(2) Stress 59(4) Questions and Practice Problems 3.5--3.6 62(1) Compressibility and Settlement 63(18) Questions and Practice Problems 3.7 80(1) Strength 81(21) Questions and Practice Problems 3.8--3.10 97(1) Summary 98(2) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 3.11--3.16 100(2) Site Exploration and Characterization 102(41) Site Exploration 103(10) Laboratory Testing 113(2) Questions and Practice Problems 4.1--4.4 114(1) In-Situ Testing 115(23) Questions and Practice Problems 4.5--4.7 138(1) Synthesis of Field and Laboratory Data 138(1) Economics 138(5) Summary 140(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 4.8--4.11 141(2) PART B -- Shallow Foundation Analysis and Design 143(228) Shallow Foundations 145(25) Spread Footings 145(7) Mats 152(1) Bearing Pressure 153(17) Summary 167(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 5.1--5.9 168(2) Shallow Foundations---Bearing Capacity 170(37) Bearing Capacity Failures 171(2) Bearing Capacity Analyses in Soil---General Shear Case 173(14) Questions and Practice Problems 6.1--6.3 186(1) Groundwater Effects 187(3) Allowable Bearing Capacity 190(3) Selection of Soil Strength Parameters 193(5) Questions and Practice Problems 6.4--6.10 197(1) Bearing Capacity Analyses---Local and Punching Shear Cases 198(1) Bearing Capacity on Layered Soils 199(2) Accuracy of Bearing Capacity Analyses 201(2) Bearing Spreadsheet 203(4) Questions and Practice Problems---Spreadsheet Analyses 6.11--6.13 203(1) Summary 204(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 6.14--6.17 205(2) Shallow Foundations---Settlement 207(52) Design Requirements 208(1) Overview of Settlement Analyses Methods 208(2) Induced Stresses Beneath Shallow Foundations 210(7) Questions and Practice Problems 7.1--7.4 217(1) Settlement Analyses Based on Laboratory Tests 217(12) Questions and Practice Problems 7.5--7.8 229(1) Settlement Spreadsheet 229(2) Questions and Practice Problems---Spreadsheet Analyses 7.9--7.13 230(1) Settlement Analyses Based on In-Situ Tests 231(11) Questions and Practice Problems 7.14--7.16 241(1) Schmertmann Spreadsheet 242(1) Questions and Practice Problems---Spreadsheet Analyses 7.17--7.21 242(1) Settlement of Foundations of Stratified Soils 243(1) Differential Settlement 244(6) Questions and Practice Problems 7.22--7.23 250(1) Rate of Settlement 250(1) Accuracy of Settlement Predictions 251(8) Summary 257(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 7.24--7.27 258(1) Spread Footings---Geotechnical Design 259(42) Design for Concentric Downward Loads 259(14) Questions and Practice Problems 8.1--8.9 271(2) Design for Eccentric or Moment Loads 273(3) Design for Shear Loads 276(3) Questions and Practice Problems 8.10--8.12 278(1) Design for Wind or Seismic Loads 279(2) Lightly-Loaded Footings 281(4) Questions and Practice Problems 8.13--8.14 285(1) Footings On or Near Slopes 285(3) Footings on Frozen Soils 288(5) Footings on Soils Prone to Scour 293(3) Footings on Rock 296(5) Questions and Practice Problems 8.15--8.20 296(2) Summary 298(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 8.21--8.24 299(2) Spread Footings---Structural Design 301(51) Selection of Materials 303(1) Basis for Design Methods 303(2) Design Loads 305(1) Minimum Cover Requirements and Standard Dimensions 306(1) Square Footings 307(19) Questions and Practice Problems 9.1--9.8 324(2) Continuous Footings 326(5) Questions and Practice Problems 9.9--9.10 330(1) Rectangular Footings 331(2) Combined Footings 333(1) Lightly-Loaded Footings 333(2) Connections with the Superstructure 335(17) Questions and Practice Problems 9.11--9.15 349(1) Summary 350(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 9.16--9.17 351(1) Mats 352(19) Rigid Methods 354(2) Nonrigid Methods 356(6) Determining the Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction 362(3) Structural Design 365(1) Settlement 366(1) Bearing Capacity 367(4) Summary 367(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 10.1--10.5 368(3) PART C -- Deep Foundation Analysis and Design 371(266) Deep Foundations 373(62) Types of Deep Foundations and Definitions 374(2) Load Transfer 376(2) Piles 378(24) Questions and Practice Problems 11.1--11.8 400(2) Drilled Shafts 402(16) Questions and Practice Problems 11.9--11.11 418(1) Caissons 418(3) Mandrel-Driven Thin-Shells Filled with Concrete 421(2) Auger-Cast Piles 423(2) Pressure-Injected Footings 425(4) Pile-Supported and Pile-Enhanced Mats 429(1) Anchors 429(6) Questions and Practice Problems 11.12--11.14 432(1) Summary 432(2) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 11.15--11.17 434(1) Deep Foundations---Structural Integrity 435(30) Design Philosophy 436(2) Loads and Stresses 438(3) Piles 441(13) Questions and Practice Problems 12.1--12.5 453(1) Drilled Shafts 454(7) Questions and Practice Problems 12.6--12.7 461(1) Caps 461(1) Grade Beams 461(4) Summary 462(2) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 12.8--12.17 464(1) Deep Foundations---Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Load Tests 465(29) Load Transfer 466(10) Questions and Practice Problems 13.1--13.3 476(1) Conventional Load Tests 476(4) Interpretation of Test Results 480(3) Questions and Practice Problems 13.4--13.6 482(1) Mobilization of Soil Resistance 483(2) Instrumented Load Tests 485(3) Osterberg Load Tests 488(2) When and Where to Use Full-Scale Load Tests 490(4) Summary 491(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 13.7--13.9 492(2) Deep Foundations---Axial Load Capacity Based on Analytic Methods 494(65) Changes in Soil During Construction 495(5) Questions and Practice Problems 14.1--14.3 499(1) Toe Bearing 500(13) Side Friction 513(14) Upward Load Capacity 527(5) Questions and Practice Problems 14.4--14.11 530(2) Analyses Based on CPT Results 532(5) Questions and Practice Problems 14.12 537(1) Group Effects 537(6) Settlement 543(16) Questions and Practice Problems 14.13--14.19 553(1) Summary 554(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice and Practice Problems 14.20--14.27 555(4) Deep Foundations---Axial Load Capacity Based on Dynamic Methods 559(22) Pile-Driving Formulas 559(4) Wave Equation Analyses 563(6) High-Strain Dynamic Testing 569(8) Low-Strain Dynamic Testing 577(1) Conclusions 577(4) Summary 578(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 15.1--15.9 579(2) Deep Foundations---Lateral Load Capacity 581(38) Batter Piles 582(2) Response to Lateral Loads 584(5) Methods of Evaluating Lateral Load Capacity 589(8) Questions and Practice Problems 16.1--16.5 596(1) p-y Method 597(3) Evans and Duncan's Method 600(13) Questions and Practice Problems 16.6--16.9 611(2) Group Effects 613(3) Improving Lateral Capacity 616(3) Summary 616(2) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 16.10--16.14 618(1) Deep Foundations---Design 619(18) Design Service Loads and Allowable Definitions 620(1) Subsurface Characterization 620(1) Foundation Type 620(2) Lateral Load Capacity 622(2) Axial Load Capacity 624(2) Driveability 626(1) Structural Design 626(1) Special Design Considerations 627(3) Verification and Redesign During Construction 630(1) Integrity Testing 631(6) Summary 634(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 17.1--17.7 635(2) Part D -- Special Topics 637(98) Foundations on Weak and Compressible Soils 639(16) Deep Foundations 640(4) Shallow Foundations 644(2) Floating Foundations 646(1) Soil Improvement 647(8) Summary 652(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 18.1--18.5 653(2) Foundations on Expansive Soils 655(46) The Nature, Origin, and Occurence of Expansive Soils 656(13) Identifying, Testing, and Evaluating Expansive Soils 669(10) Estimating Potential Heave 679(5) Typical Structural Distress Patterns 684(1) Preventive Design and Construction Measures 685(10) Other Sources of Heave 695(6) Summary 698(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 19.1--19.9 699(2) Foundations on Collapsible Soils 701(20) Origin and Occurrence of Collapsible Soils 701(4) Identification, Sampling, and Testing 705(5) Wetting Processes 710(2) Settlement Computations 712(3) Collapse in Deep Compacted Fills 715(1) Preventive and Remedial Measures 715(6) Summary 718(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 20.1--20.10 719(2) Reliability-Based Design 721(14) Methods 722(4) LRFD for Structural Strength Requirements 726(1) LRFD for Geotechnical Strength Requirements 727(3) Serviceability Requirements 730(1) The Role of Engineering Judgement 731(1) Transition of LRFD 731(4) Summary 732(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 21.1--21.4 733(2) PART E -- Earth-Retaining Structure Analysis and Design 735(109) Earth-Retaining Structures 737(12) Externally Stabilized Systems 738(7) Internally Stabilized Systems 745(4) Summary 748(1) Lateral Earth Pressures 749(38) Horizontal Stresses in Soil 749(8) Classical Lateral Earth Pressure Theories 757(10) Questions and Practice Problems 23.1--23.7 766(1) Lateral Earth Pressures in Soils with c ≥ 0 and &phis; ≥ 0 767(3) Equivalent Fluid Method 770(3) Presumptive Lateral Earth Pressures 773(4) Questions and Practice Problems 23.8--23.13 774(3) Lateral Earth Pressures From Surcharge Loads 777(3) Groundwater Effects 780(3) Questions and Practice Problems 23.14--23.16 783(1) Practical Application 783(4) Summary 785(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 23.17--23.18 786(1) Cantilever Retaining Walls 787(39) External Stability 788(15) Questions and Practice Problems 24.1--24.3 802(1) Retwall Spreadsheet 803(1) Questions and Practice Problems---Spreadsheet Analyses 24.4--24.6 803(1) Internal Stability (Structural Design) 804(13) Questions and Practice Problems 24.7--24.9 816(1) Drainage and Waterproofing 817(4) Avoidance of Frost Heave Problems 821(5) Summary 822(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 24.10--24.17 823(3) Sheet Pile Walls 826(18) Materials 826(4) Construction Methods and Equipment 830(1) Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls 830(5) Braced or Anchored Sheet Pile Walls 835(9) Summary 841(1) Comprehensive Questions and Practice Problems 25.1--25.7 842(2) Appendix A---Unit Conversion Factors 844(4) Appendix B---Computer Software 848(1) References 849(26) Index 875