Gender Diversity : Crosscultural Variations

Preface vii Introduction 1(1) Some Basic Definitions 2(2) Social Attitudes toward Sex/Gender Diversity 4(1) Sexuality and Gender Diversity 5(1) Globalization and Gender Diversity 6(1) Female Gender Diversity 7(1) Book Outline 8(1) Anthropology and Cultural Difference 9(2) Multiple Genders among North American Indians 11(16) Distribution and Characteristics of Variant Sex/Gender Roles 13(1) Transvestism 14(1) Occupation 15(2) Gender Variance and Sexuality 17(1) Biological Sex and Gender Transformations 18(1) Sacred Power 19(2) The Alyha: A Male Gender Variant Role among the Mohave 21(2) Female Gender Variants 23(4) Hijra and Sadhin: Neither Man nor Woman in India 27(16) The Religious Context of Gender Diversity 28(1) Hijras as Not-Men 29(1) Hijras as Women and Not-Women 30(1) Religious Identifications 31(2) Hijras as Ascetics 33(1) Ritual Roles and Social Acceptance 34(2) Hijra Sexuality 36(1) Social Structure of the Hijra Community 37(3) The Sadhin: A Female Gender Variant 40(3) Men and Not-Men: Sexuality and Gender in Brazil 43(14) Gender Diversity: Travestis, Bichas, and Viados 45(3) Men and Not-Men: the Brazilian Binary 48(1) Attitudes toward Gender Diversity 49(1) Afro-Brazilian Religion 50(2) Links between Candomble and Gender Diversity 52(2) Penetration, Possession Trance, and Gender Diversity in Candomble 54(1) Changing Sex/Gender Ideologies 55(2) Liminal Gender Roles in Polynesia 57(14) Gender Liminal Male Roles 58(3) Historical Contexts 61(2) Appropriations of the Feminine 63(1) Sexuality and Gender Liminality 64(2) Sexuality and Social Status 66(2) Performing Gender Diversity 68(2) Gender Liminality and the Polynesian Concept of the Person 70(1) Transgendered Males in Thailand and the Philippines 71(16) The Kathoey of Thailand 72(2) Homoeroticism in Thai Culture 74(1) Transformations in Traditional Sex/Gender Ideology 75(2) Social Attitudes toward the Kathoey 77(1) Sex/Gender Diversity in the Philippines 78(2) Contemporary Constructions of Gender Diversity: Transgendered Male Homosexuality 80(1) A Woman's Heart in a Man's Body 80(1) Bakla Sexual Relationships 81(2) The Association of Transgendered Males with Beauty 83(1) Transvestite Beauty Contests 83(4) Sex/Gender Diversity in Euro-American Cultures 87(14) Transvestite Female Saints 90(2) The Sworn Virgin of the Balkans 92(2) Transsexualism 94(3) Transgenderism 97(2) Intersexuality 99(2) Variations on a Theme 101(6) Criteria for Constructing Sex/Gender Variation 101(1) Varying Degrees of Institutionalization 102(1) Variation in Public Recognition of Sex/Gender Transformations 103(1) Explaining Sex/Gender Diversity 104(1) Male and Female Gender Diversity 105(1) The Functions, Roles, and Significance of Sex/Gender Diversity 105(2) Glossary 107(2) References 109(8) Selected Films 117(2) Index 119