Giant Planets of Our Solar System : An Introduction

Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xv List of figures xix List of tables xxiii List of colour plates xxv Introduction 1(16) The giant outer planets 1(4) Observed atmospheres of the giant planets 5(7) Jupiter 5(3) Saturn 8(1) Uranus 9(2) Neptune 11(1) Satellites of the outer planets 12(1) Exploration of the outer planets 13(1) Organization of book 14(1) References 15(1) Bibliography 15(2) Formation of the giant planets 17(36) Formation of the universe and primordial constituents 17(1) Formation of the stars and evolution of the interstellar medium 18(3) Formation of the protosolar nebula 21(7) Collapse of the interstellar cloud 21(2) Formation of circumstellar disc 23(5) Formation of the Jovian planets and comets 28(4) Core accretion model 28(4) Gravitational instability model 32(1) Formation of Jovian satellites 32(1) Bulk composition of the outer planets and isotape ratios 33(6) Constraints on formation: D/H ratio 33(6) Constraints on formation: Nitrogen 39(1) Interiors of the giant planets 39(8) Gravitational data 39(3) Magnetic field data 42(1) Internal structure of Jupiter and Saturn 42(3) Internal structure of Uranus and Neptune 45(2) Migration and extrasolar planets 47(1) References 48(3) Bibliography 51(2) Evolution processes in outer planet atmospheres 53(14) Introduction 53(1) Thermal escape 53(6) Jeans' formula 53(2) Diffusion and limiting flux 55(3) Hydrodynamic escape 58(1) Impacts with comets and planetesimals 59(1) Internal differentiation processes 59(3) Effective radiating temperature of planets 60(2) Evolution of the giant planet atmospheres 62(3) Jupiter 62(1) Saturn 63(1) Uranus and Neptune 64(1) References 65(1) Bibliography 65(2) Vertical structure of temperature, composition, and clouds 67(66) Pressure and temperature profiles 67(10) Pressure 67(1) Temperature 68(5) Secondary effects on temperature/pressure profiles 73(3) Temperature/pressure profiles of the outer planets 76(1) Vertical mixing-eddy mixing coefficients 77(4) Composition profiles -- general considerations 81(11) Disequilibrium species 81(3) Photolysis 84(5) Condensation 89(2) Extraplanetary sources 91(1) Composition and cloud profiles of the giant planets 92(33) Jupiter 92(11) Saturn 103(7) Uranus 110(6) Neptune 116(9) References 125(6) Bibliography 131(2) Dynamical processes 133(64) Introduction 133(1) Mean circulation of the giant planet atmospheres 133(14) Equations of motion 135(6) Mean zonal motions in the giant planet atmospheres 141(6) Eddy motion in the giant planet atmospheres 147(11) Turbulence in the giant planet atmospheres 147(4) Waves in the giant planet atmospheres 151(5) Vortices in the giant planet atmospheres 156(2) Mean and eddy circulation of the giant planet atmospheres 158(6) Tropospheric circulation 158(5) Stratospheric and upper tropospheric circulation 163(1) Meteorology of Jupiter 164(13) General circulation and zonal structure 164(5) Storms and vortices 169(4) Waves 173(4) Meteorology of Saturn 177(6) General circulation and zonal structure 177(2) Storms and vortices 179(1) Waves 180(3) Meteorology of Uranus 183(2) General circulation and zonal structure 183(1) Storms and vortices 184(1) Waves 185(1) Meteorology of Neptune 185(6) General circulation and zonal structure 185(2) Storms and vortices 187(3) Waves 190(1) References 191(5) Bibliography 196(1) Radiative transfer processes in outer planetary atmospheres 197(50) Introduction 197(1) Interaction between electromagnetic radiation and particles 198(2) Fermi's golden rule 198(1) Electric and magnetic moments 199(1) Molecular spectroscopy: vibrational--rotational transitions 200(12) Molecular vibrational energy levels 200(1) Molecular rotational energy levels 201(2) Rotational transitions 203(1) Vibration--rotation bands 204(4) Inversion bands and inversion-doubling 208(1) Diatomic homonuclear molecules 208(1) Line-broadening 209(2) Giant planet gas transmission spectra 211(1) Radiative transfer in a grey atmosphere 212(13) Nadir viewing 213(3) Net flux and disc-averaging 216(2) Limb-viewing 218(2) Radiative balance 220(1) Local thermodynamic equilibrium 221(1) Transmission calculations 222(3) Scattering of light by particles 225(4) Rayleigh or dipole scattering 226(1) Mie theory 227(1) Non-spherical particles 228(1) Analytical forms of phase functions 229(1) Radiative transfer in scattering atmospheres 229(4) Plane-parallel approximation 230(2) Spherical atmospheres and limb-viewing: Monte Carlo simulations 232(1) Giant planet spectra 233(9) General features of giant planet spectra: UV to microwave 233(1) Near-IR and visible reflectance spectra 234(2) Thermal-IR spectra 236(5) Microwave spectra 241(1) Appendix 242(2) Planck function 242(2) References 244(1) Bibliography 245(2) Sources of remotely sensed data on the giant planets 247(66) Introduction 247(1) Measurement of visible, IR, and microwave spectra 248(7) Detection of IR radiation 248(1) Radiometers/photometers 249(1) Grating spectrometers 250(1) Michelson interferometers 251(3) Detection of microwave radiation 254(1) Ground-based observations of the gaint planets 255(6) Terrestrial atmospheric absorption 255(2) Angular resolution 257(3) Brightness 260(1) Ground-based visible/IR observatories 261(7) European Southern Observatory (ESO) -- Very Large Telescope (VLT) 263(2) The Mauna Kea observatories 265(3) Other major observatories 268(1) Airborne visible/IR observations 268(2) Kuiper Airborne Observatory 269(1) Ground-based microwave observatories 270(6) The Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) 271(1) Very Large Array (VLA) 272(1) Very Large Baseline Array (VLBA) 273(1) Berkeley Illinois Maryland Association (BIMA) 274(1) Ownes Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) 274(1) Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA) 275(1) Space-based telescopes 276(8) HST 277(2) ISO 279(4) Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) 283(1) Flyby spacecraft 284(8) Pioneer 286(2) Voyager 288(4) Ulysses 292(1) Orbiting spacecraft 292(11) Galileo 292(8) Cassini/Huygens 300(3) Retrievals 303(6) Exact, least squares, and Backus--Gilbert solution 306(1) Linear optimal estimation 307(2) Non-linear optimal estimation 309(1) Joint retrievals 309(1) References 309(1) Bibliography 310(3) Index 313