Landsberg, Brian K.; Jacobs, Leslie Gielow

Global Issues in Constitutional Law

PREFACE iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v TABLE OF CASES xxi Chapter One. Introduction to a Constitution 1 I. Constitution-Making 1 Jon Elster, Essay: Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution Making Process 1 Herman Schwartz, Building Blocks for a Constitution 2 Notes 5 II. Constitutionalism 5 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Constitutionalism 5 A. Elements 6 Rakesh Chhetri, Bhutan's Sham Constitutionalism 7 Notes 9 B. Structure 11 1. Written vs. Unwritten 11 James T. McHugh, Comparative Constitutional Traditions 11 Notes 12 2. Short or Long 14 Herman Schwartz, Building Blocks for a Constitution 14 Ter Ellingson, The Nepal Constitution of 1990: Preliminary Considerations 15 Notes 16 III. Amendment 16 Privacy of Communications Case [The Klass Case] 16 Notes 17 IV. The Influence of the United States Constitution on Other Nations' Law 21 Louis Henkin, A New Birth of Constitutionalism: Genetic Influences and Genetic Defaults 21 Donald P. Kommers, Comparative Constitutional Law: Its Increasing Relevance 22 Dullah Omar, Constitutional Development: The African Experience 24 Notes 26 Chapter Two. Judicial Review 27 I. Judicial System 27 Edgar Bodenheimer, John Bilyeu Oakley and Jean C. Love, An Introduction to the Anglo American Legal System 27 A. China 28 B. Germany 28 Notes 29 II. Judicial Independence 29 A. South Africa 29 B. China 30 C. Germany 30 D. Other Countries 31 Notes 32 III. Systems of Constitutional Review 32 A. No Traditional Judicial Review 33 1. England 33 2. Canada 34 Notes 36 B. Specialized Constitutional Courts 36 1. Germany 37 Federal Constitutional Court; jurisdiction 37 Compatibility With the Basic Law 38 Notes 38 2. South Africa 39 C. Review by Non-Judicial Entity 41 1. France 41 Amnesty Law of 1989, Le Monde 42 2. China 43 Notes 44 IV. Justiciability 46 A. Germany 46 B. Africa 47 C. Japan 48 The Suzuki Decision 48 D. India 49 V. Judicial Review Under International Law 49 A. The United States 50 Notes 51 B. Spain 53 C. England 53 Notes 54 VI. Effect of Decisions on Constitutionality 54 A. Effect on Parties 54 B. Effect on Courts 54 Notes 55 Chapter Three. Separation of Powers 56 I. Presidential and Parliamentary Systems 56 A. Attributes 56 Herman Schwartz, Building Blocks for a Constitution 56 B. Parliamentary System 57 1. Strong Head of State 57 Notes 60 2. Weak Head of State 60 II. Delegation of Legislative Power 60 The Executive Council of the Western Cape Legislature and Others v. The President of the Republic of South Africa 61 Notes 66 III. War Power 67 Notes 68 Chapter Four. Vertical Distribution of Powers 70 I. Geographical Distribution of Powers Within a Nation 70 A. Other Federalist Nations 70 1. Germany 70 2. Canada 71 B. Unitary States 72 1. South Africa? 72 2. France and China 73 C. Hybrids 73 Notes 74 II. Impact of Transnational Law on Domestic Governance 74 A. European Convention on Human Rights 75 Order of the Second Senate of 14 October 2004 75 B. The European Union 81 Notes 84 Chapter Five. Equality 86 I. Race Discrimination 86 A. Brown's Legacy 86 Robert J. Cottrol, Brown and the Contemporary Brazilian Struggle Against Racial Inequality: Some Preliminary Comparative Thoughts 86 Notes 91 B. Affirmative Action 95 Ev Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh & ORS 97 Notes 101 C. Other Ways of Implementing Equality Guarantees 103 1. Building Legal Infrastructure and Looking to International Law 103 Open Society, Justice Initiative, Antidiscrimination in Russia Combating Discrimination in Russia: Strategies for Lawyers and NGOs 103 2. Ensuring Legislative Representation 105 Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, BOTSWANA: Minority Ethnic Groups Feel New Bill Still Discriminates 106 Notes 107 II. Sex Discrimination 108 A. Including Women in Constitution Drafting and Constitutional Text 108 Martha I. Morgan, Emancipatory Equality: Gender Jurisprudence under the Colombian Constitution 108 Notes 110 B. Identifying Inequality 111 President of the Republic of South Africa and Another v. Hugo 112 Notes 117 C. The Influence of Customary and Religious Law on Constitutional Sex Equality Rights 117 Ephrahim Pastory and Kaizilege 117 Notes 118 Chapter Six. Fundamental Rights 125 I. Positive Rights 125 Cass R. Sunstein, Why Does the American Constitution Lack Social and Economic Guarantees? 125 Richard J. Goldstone, A South African Perspective on Social and Economic Rights 127 Notes 130 II. Some Comparisons: Privacy 132 A. Childbearing 132 Javed & ORS v. State of Haryana & ORS 132 Notes 136 B. Abortion 138 First Abortion Case 138 Notes 144 III. Use of Foreign and International Law in Interpretation of Constitutional Rights 148 The Relevance of Foreign Legal Materials in U.S. Constitutional Cases: A Conversation Between Justice Antonin Scalia and Justice Stephen Breyer 148 Notes 153 Chapter Seven. Free Speech 159 I. Dangerous Speech 159 Erginv. Turkey 159 Notes 162 II. Defamation 165 Hill v. Church of Scientology 165 Notes 169 III. Highly Offensive Speech 171 Holocaust Denial Case 171 Notes 175 Chapter Eight. Religion 179 I. State Support/Establishment 179 Shimon Shetreet, State and Religion: Funding of Religious Institutions The Case of Israel in Comparative Perspective 179 School Prayer Case 181 Notes 184 II. Free Exercise 189 A. Mandatory Accommodation 189 Chian Hiang Leng Colin & ORS v. Public Prosecutor 189 Notes 193 B. Permissive Accommodation 197 Lior Horev v. Minister of Communication/Transportation 198 Notes 202 INDEX 205