Guatemala : Never Again!

Foreword To The English Edition xv Thomas Quigley Preface To The International Edition xix Acknowledgments xxi Speech By Monsenor Juan Gerardi xxiii On the Occasion of the Presentation of the REMHI Report Metropolitan Cathedral of Guatemala City, April 24, 1998 Introductory Remarks xxvii Introduction xxxi The Value of Testimony xxxi Social and Political Violence in Guatemala xxxii Periods of Violence xxxii The Impact of Militarization xxxiii Impunity xxxiii The Struggle for Memory xxxiii Glossary: Acronyms, Abbreviations, Organizations, And Spanish Words xxxv PART ONE THE IMPACT OF THE VIOLENCE Individual Effects of the Violence 3(26) The Immediate Impact 3(1) Ongoing Trauma 4(1) From Fear to Terror 4(10) A Strategy of Terror 4(4) No Way Out 8(1) Climate of Terror 9(1) The Social Effects of Fear 10(1) The Individual Effects of Fear 11(1) Fear as a Self-defense Mechanism 12(1) Ongoing Experiences of Fear 13(1) Altered Grieving Processes 14(8) Sociopolitical Violence and Altered Grief 16(3) Forced Disappearances 19(3) Blaming the Victims 22(3) Forced Collaboration 22(2) Political Activism: A Sense of Responsibility and Guilt 24(1) Between Words and Silence 25(1) The Wrath of Injustice 25(4) From Senselessness to Injustice 25(1) Powerlessness against Impunity 26(1) A Veneer of Normalcy 27(1) Questioning the Struggle 27(2) Destroying The Seed 29(11) Violence against Children 29(5) Children on the Run 34(2) The Militarization of Childhood 36(1) The Children of Violence 36(1) From Adoption to Abduction 37(1) The Will to Live 38(2) The Assault On Community 40(11) Collective and Community Destruction and Loss 40(3) Community Destruction 40(3) Community Breakdown and Crisis 43(2) Social Polarization 43(1) Persecution and Disruption of Daily Life 43(1) A Regimented Existence 44(1) Social Breakdown 44(1) The Militarization of Daily Life: The Impact of the Civil Patrols 45(1) Social Identity: Violence against Religion and Culture 46(5) Religious Changes 46(2) Loss of Traditional Authorities 48(1) Loss of Language 48(1) The Colors of Identity 48(1) Repairing the Social Fabric 49(2) Coping With Violence 51(22) The Population's Varied Experiences 51(4) Culture 51(1) Coping Strategies 52(3) The Experience of the Displaced 55(14) Large-scale Displacement 55(2) The Dynamics of Displacement: The Path of Flight 57(4) Seeking Refuge in Exile 61(2) Into the Hills: From Flight to Resistance 63(2) The Experience of the Communities of Popular Resistance (CPRs) 65(2) Reintegration Processes 67(1) Restoring Family Ties and Support 68(1) In Search of an Explanation 69(4) No Explanation or Individualized Explanations 70(1) Sociopolitical Conflict and Involvement 70(1) Interpersonal Explanations 71(1) Ethno-political Explanations 71(2) From Violence To The Affirmation Of Women 73(13) Violence against Women 73(3) Women as Victims 73(1) ``They Treated Us Worse than Animals'' 73(1) Using Their Motherhood against Them 74(1) Cooking and Dancing for Their Assailants 74(2) Sexual Assault 76(3) Assaults on Bodies and on Dignity 76(1) Mass Rapes 77(1) The Significance of Rape 77(2) Other Forms of Torture Associated with Rape 79(1) A Counterinsurgency Method 79(1) The Consequences of Contempt 80(1) The Impact of Rape 80(1) Women's Resistance 81(5) Pulling Their Lives Together: Women's Roles and the Social Fabric 81(3) Creating New Spaces: Women's Activism 84(2) Never Again! Preventing A Recurrence 86(19) Truth, Justice, and Human Rights 86(7) The Defense of Human Rights 86(3) Discovering the Truth 89(4) Confronting the Causes 93(7) Social Change for Peace 93(4) Expectations for Peace 97(3) Reparations 100(5) PART TWO THE METHODOLOGY OF HORROR The Intelligence Behind The Violence 105(10) The Intelligence Structure 105(6) The Dynamics of Violence; the Role of the Intelligence Services 105(1) The Name of Fear: La 2 106(1) The Archivo: The Intelligence Division of the Presidential General Staff (EMP) 107(1) The Criminal Investigations Department and Other Police Entities 108(1) The Mobile Military Police (PMA) 109(1) The Treasury Guard 109(1) Intelligence Networks 110(1) Death Squads 110(1) Strategies of Control: Intelligence in Action 111(4) International Surveillance 111(1) Technology at the Service of Violence 112(1) Surveillance of Daily Life 113(1) Eradicating the Enemy Within 114(1) Targeting The People 115(11) Control of Hostile Populations 115(1) Involving the People in the War 116(1) A Strategy at the Village Level 116(2) The Civil Self-defense Patrols: The Militarization of Daily Life 118(8) A War Strategy 118(2) The Imposition and Formation of the Civil Patrols 120(1) Volunteers by Force 120(1) The Patrol Structure 121(1) Military Training and Patrols 122(1) Captures of Civilians 123(1) Massacres and Murders 123(1) Control over People's Movements 124(1) The Spoils of War 124(1) Solidarity and Resistance 125(1) The Methodology Of Horror 126(49) Forced Recruitment 126(1) Special Forces 127(1) An Education in Violence 127(5) Fostering Violence 128(1) Compelled Obedience 129(1) Enforcing Complicity 130(1) Contempt for Human Life: ``The Step of Death'' 131(1) Extending Control 132(1) The Ways of Horror 132(43) Massacres: The Anatomy of Destruction 132(19) The Anguish of Torture 151(2) Threats 153(2) Abduction Procedures 155(1) Short-term Abduction or Detention 156(3) Forced Disappearances: A Smoke Screen 159(2) Executions: ``Doing Someone In'' 161(1) Infiltration 162(3) Torture Methods and Training 165(1) Induced Betrayal 166(1) Silenced Voices: The Unrecognized Prisoners of War 166(2) Character Transformation: Taking on the Oppressor's Identity 168(2) Clandestine Prisons 170(1) Psychosexual Control over the Troops 170(1) Preparing the Massacres 171(2) Concealing Infamy: Clandestine Cemeteries 173(2) CONCLUSIONS. FROM THE MEMORY OF ATROCITIES TO THE VIOLENCE OF TODAY 175(138) In Search of an Explanation 175(1) Violence in the Postwar Period 176(1) The Struggle to Reclaim Memory 176(5) PART THREE THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Background 181(9) From Barrios of Ponce Vaides 181(3) The October Revolution 184(3) The Protagonism of the Catholic Church 187(1) The 1954 Coup d'Etat 188(2) The Armed Conflict In The Sixties 190(16) The November 13 Revolt 190(2) The Incipient Guerrilla Movement 192(3) The Trecistas 192(1) Spotlight on Concua 192(1) FAR (Rebel Armed Forces) 193(1) The 1963 Coup d'Etat 194(1) The Mendez Montenegro Government 195(8) The Pact with the Army 197(1) Army Reorganization 198(1) Paramilitary Groups 199(1) Escalating Violence 200(1) The Decline of the Guerrillas 201(2) The Catholic Church 203(3) The Military Governments Of The Seventies 206(22) The Military Project 206(1) The Arana Government 206(2) Political Terror 207(1) Power Alliances 207(1) The Laugerud Government 208(1) Grassroots Struggle 209(1) Other Trends 209(2) An Intolerant Business Sector 209(1) Renewed Land Seizures 210(1) The Deterioration of the Electoral System 210(1) The Rise of the Indigenous Movement 210(1) Evolution of the New Guerrilla Movement 210(1) The Evolution of Counterinsurgency 211(1) The Lucas Era 211(4) Conspicuous Crimes 211(2) The Counterinsurgency Offensives 213(2) Changing and Uncertain Times 215(2) The Counterinsurgency Strategy 217(3) ``Scorched Earth'' 218(2) The Insurgents' Strategy 220(3) ``The People's War'' 221(1) The Poor against the Rich 222(1) The Victims 223(1) The Catholic Church 224(2) Training Centers 224(1) Political Polarization 224(2) Lucas's Demise 226(2) The Rios Montt Government 228(15) A Turning Point in History 228(1) The New Counterinsurgency 229(2) The Military Offensives of 1982-1983 231(9) The Ixil Region 231(2) Clearing out the Border Area 233(2) Offensives in the Central Corridor 235(3) Alta and Baja Verapaz 238(1) The Capital and the Coast 239(1) Quetzaltenango 240(1) The Church Targeted 240(3) The Mejia Victores Government 243(1) The Cerezo Government 244(20) The Transition, 1986-1987 244(13) Concertacion 245(2) The Initial Agreements 247(1) The Tensions Begin 248(1) Rumbling in the Barracks 249(1) The Power of the New Right-wing Business Elite 250(1) A No-win Battle 251(1) The Power of El Sindicato 252(1) National Stability Doctrine 253(1) The Year-end Offensive 253(1) Active Neutrality 254(1) The ``Message System'' and Other Methods 255(2) The Conspiracy, 1988-1989 257(7) Coup Attempts 257(1) The ``Dirty War'' 258(2) Diplomacy and Terror 260(1) The Collapse of Stability 261(1) The Army Loses Leadership 262(1) The Casualties 263(1) The Serrano Elias Government 264(9) The Business Candidate 264(1) Battles over Peace 265(2) Waging War 267(1) A Climate of Insecurity 268(1) The Advent of Globalization 269(1) Other Areas of Civil Society 269(1) Army Reassigments 270(3) Preparing For The Postwar Period 273(16) Into the Void 273(2) Ramiro de Leon and the Business Community 275(1) Power Struggles 275(1) Peace Negotiations 276(1) The War Continues 277(2) The URNG and the Signing of the Peace Accord 279(1) The Business Candidate's Victory 280(2) Peace against All Odds 282(7) PART FOUR THE VICTIMS OF THE CONFLICT The Data Compiled By The Remhi Project 289(13) Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law 289(1) The Magnitude of the Violence 289(1) The Violations 289(1) Accountability 290(1) Periods of Violence 290(1) The Characteristics of Genocide 291(2) Patterns of Violations 292(1) Violations of the Right to Life 293(3) Extra-judicial Executions 293(1) Forced Disapparances 294(1) Death as a Result of Persecution 294(1) Casualties of Indiscriminate Attacks 295(1) Massacres 295(1) Violations of the Right to Physical and Psychological Integrity 296(3) Torture and Cruel Treatment 298(1) Rapes 298(1) Attacks 299(1) Violations of the Right to Personal Security 299(1) Violations of the Right to Personal Liberty 300(2) Irregular Detentions 301(1) General Statistics 302(11) Violations by Historical Period (Victims) 302(1) Massacres 302(2) Distributed by Department and Year 303(1) Distributed by Month and Year 303(1) Responsible Force 304(9) Responsible Force 304(2) Violations against Life by Incidents and Victims 306(1) Distribution by Historical Period by Incidents and Victims 307(1) Massacres Distributed by Department and Year 308(1) Violations by Department (1) 309(1) Violations by Department (2) 310(1) Violations by Department (3) 311(2) THE PATH TO SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE REMHI PROJECT 313(12) Repairing the Damage 313(1) Reparations 313(2) Humanitarian Assistance for Victims and Survivors (Medical, Psychological, Social, and Legal Reparations) 314(1) Collective Memory 315(3) Statement of Government Responsibility 315(1) Official History 315(1) Investigation of Cases: Statements concerning the Disappeared 316(1) Honoring the Victims 316(1) Exhumations 317(1) Restoring Memory to the People 317(1) The Role of Other Social Sectors 318(1) The Religious Community: Demands and Expectations 318(1) International Presence 318(1) The URNG 319(1) Preventing Human Rights Violations 319(2) Respect for Human Rights 319(1) Justice and Social Sanctions 320(1) Preventing Social and Community Violence 320(1) Legislative and Judicial Reforms 321(1) Methods for Monitoring Law Enforcement 321(1) Traditional Authority and Law 321(1) The Judiciary 321(1) Social Changes for Peace 322(3) Demilitarization 322(1) Exercising Personal Freedoms 323(1) Addressing the Land Issue 323(2) Bibliography 325