Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology : Processing, Characterization and Applications, V. I - Sol-Gel Processing/Hiromitsu Kozuka, Editor, V. II -

Preface vii Sumio Sakka Preface ix H. Kozuka List of Contributors xi Sol--Gel Precursors The Synthesis and Solution Stability of Alkoxide Precursors 3(38) V. G. Kessler Reactions of Alkoxides Toward Nanostructured or Multi-Component Oxide Films 41(18) K. Kato Sol--Gel Processing of Thin Films with Metal Salts 59(18) K. Nishio T. Tsuchiya Chemistry and Applications of Polymeric Gel Precursors 77(28) V. Petrykin M. Kakihana Aqueous Precursors 105(24) Y. Ohya Processing of Powders and Bulk Materials Sol--Gel Formation of Bulk Glasses 129(20) S. Sakka Sol--Gel Derived Powders and Bulk Ceramics 149(22) D. Ganguli Processing of Non-Oxide Materials Oxynitride Glasses and Nitrides 171(14) K. Kamiya Oxycarbide Glasses and Carbides 185(18) K. Kamiya Sol--Gel Processing of Fluoride and Oxyfluoride Materials 203(22) S. Fujihara Sol--Gel Processing of Sulfide Materials 225(22) R. M. Almeida J. Xu Processing of Thin Films Fundamental Issues on Sol--Gel Coatings: Stress Evolution, Cracking and Radiative Striations 247(42) H. Kozuka Ultrasonic Pulverization of an Aerosol: A Versatile Tool for the Deposition of Sol--Gel Thin Films 289(20) M. Langlet Electrophoretic Sol--Gel Deposition 309(22) A. Matsuda M. Tatsumisago Low Temperature Processing of Sol--Gel Thin Films in the SiO2-TiO2 Binary System 331(30) M. Langlet Self-Standing Thick Films 361(10) M. Yamane Synthesis of Ferroelectric Thin Films with Preferred Orientation 371(30) S. Hirano W. Sakamoto Processing of Fibers and Monodisperse Particles Processing of Fibers 401(16) K. Kamiya Processing of Monodisperse Particles 417(42) S. Ramakrishnan C. F. Zukoski Encapsulation of Organic Materials Entrapment of Organic Molecules 459(26) K. Matsui Encapsulation of Enzymes, Antibodies and Bacteria 485(22) J. Livage T. Coradin Processing of Catalysts, Porous Materials, and Aerogels Processing of High Performance Catalysts 507(22) A. Ueno Macroporous Morphology Control by Phase Separation 529(12) K. Nakanishi Formation of Ordered Mesoporous Thin Films Through Templating 541(58) K. J. Edler Aerogel Processing 599(22) J. Phalippou T. Woignier F. Despetis S. Calas Special Techniques Used in Sol--Gel Processing Non-Hydrolytic Sol--Gel Technology 621(18) A. Vioux P. H. Mutin Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation 639(12) H. Imai Index 651 Preface vii Sumio Sakka Preface ix R. M. Almeida List of Contributors xi Structural Characterization at the Atomic Scale X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Study of Xerogels and Gel-Derived Glasses 3(14) K. Kamiya X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies on Materials Obtained by the Sol--Gel Route 17(18) F. d'Acapito Atomic Scale Structure of Gel Materials by Solid State NMR 35(30) M. E. Smith D. Holland Characterization of Sol--Gel Materials by Infrared Spectroscopy 65(26) R. M. Almeida A. C. Marques Characterization of Sol--Gel Materials by Raman and Brillouin Spectroscopies 91(28) M. Montagna Surface Structure of Sol--Gel Derived Materials Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 119(20) D. Holland Structural Characterization of Hybrid Organic--Inorganic Materials 139(22) P. Innocenzi G. Brusatin M. Guglielmi F. Babonneau Microstructure Characterization at the Nano- and Micro-Scales Small-Angle X-ray Scattering by Nanostructured Materials 161(30) A. Craievich Porosity Measurement 191(10) K. Nakanishi Measurements of Gas Adsorption and Permeability of Sol--Gel Materials 201(10) K. Tadanaga T. Minami Specific Behavior of Sol--Gel Materials in Mercury Porosimetry: Collapse and Intrusion 211(26) R. Pirard C. Alie J.-P. Pirard Thermal and Rheological Characterization Viscosity and Spinnability of Gelling Solutions 237(28) S. Sakka Thermal Conductivity of Silica Aerogels 265(10) H. Yokogawa Mechanical Properties Mechanical Properties of Gels: From Alcogel and Aerogels to Glasses 275(22) T. Woignier J. Phalippou F. Despetis P. Etienne A. Alaoui L. Duffours Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Sol--Gel Coatings 297(16) M. A. Aegerter Mechanical Properties of Organic--Inorganic Hybrids 313(16) J. D. Mackenzie E. P. Bescher Optical Properties Characterization of Sol--Gel Thin-Film Waveguides 329(20) G. C. Righini Ellipsometry of Sol--Gel Films 349(10) E. Yeatman Active Sol--Gel Materials, Fluorescence Spectra and Lifetimes 359(30) M. Ferrari Nonlinear Optical Properties of Materials Derived by Sol--Gel Technology 389(10) H. Nasu Molecule-to-Particle Charge Transfer in Sol--Gel Materials 399(32) F. Liu M. Yang G. J. Meyer Electrical and Magnetic Properties Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties 431(26) Y. Xu J. D. Mackenzie Characterization of Electrical Properties 457(24) J. Puetz S. Heusing M. A. Aegerter Index 481(280) Preface to Handbook ix Sumio Sakka Preface to Volume 3 xi Sumio Sakka List of Contributors xiii Dense and Porous Materials The Outline of Applications of the Sol--Gel Method 3(24) Sumio Sakka Fabrication of Large Near Net Shapes of Fiber Optic Quality Silica 27(38) Dennis J. Trevor Monolithic Porous Silica for High Speed HPLC 65(8) Kazuki Nakanishi Hydrophobic Silica Aerogel 73(12) H. Yokogawa Densification of Aerogels: From Optical Glasses to Nuclear Waste Confinement 85(18) J. Phalippou P. Dieudonne A. Faivre T. Woignier Sol--Gel Derived Oxide Powders as Precursors for Sintered Ceramics 103(36) P. Sujatha Devi Dibyendu Ganguli Sol--Gel Processed Membranes 139(42) C. Guizard A. Ayral M. Barboiu A. Julbe Particles and Fibers Silica Spherical Microparticles Applied as Spacers 181(10) Tatsuhiko Adachi Sol--Gel Abrasive Grains---History, Precursor Properties and Microstructural Control 191(16) Thomas E. Wood Dwight D. Erickson Mark G. Schwabel Chris J. Goodbrake Sol--Gel Prepared Glass and Ceramic Fibers 207(16) Kanichi Kamiya Lasers and Related Materials Sol--Gel Processing for Spectral Hole-Burning Materials 223(16) Masayuki Nogami Sol--Gel Processed Lasers 239(24) Renata Reisfeld Photonic Crystals Fabricated by Sol--Gel Process 263(32) Makoto Kuwabara Environments and Energy Solar Cells Based on Sol--Gel Films 295(16) Michael Gratzel Sol--Gel Processing for Battery and Fuel Cell Applications 311(18) L.C. Klein M. Aparicio F. Damay Sol-Gel Derived Silicate Based Composite Electrode 329(26) O. Lev D. Rizkov S. Mizrahi I. Ekeltchik Z.G. Kipervaser V. Gitis A. Goifman A. Kamyshny Jr. A.D. Modestov J. Gun Sol--Gel Processed Photocatalytic Titania Films 355(30) Naoya Yoshida Toshiya Watanabe Coatings with Photocatalyst on Architectural Glass 385(14) Hirokazu Tanaka Shigeki Obana Sol-Gel Protective Coatings for Metals 399(46) Alicia Duran Yolanda Castro Ana Conde Juan Jose de Damborenea Inorganic Coating Materials for Buildings 445(10) Koichi Takahama Inorganic--Organic Polymers with Barrier Properties Against Water Vapor, Oxygen and Migrating Monomers 455(24) S. Amberg-Schwab Sol-Gel Materials for Art Conservation 479(14) E.P. Bescher J.D. Mackenzie Applications to Organic and Bio-Materials Fullerene Nano-Composites Prepared via Soft-Chemistry Routes 493(14) Plinio Innocenzi Catalysis and Reactivity with Sol--Gel Entrapped Organic and Organometallic Chemicals 507(20) Jochanan Blum David Avnir Inorganic--Organic Hybrids for Biomedical Applications 527(24) Akiyoshi Osaka Kanji Tsuru Satoshi Hayakawa Hybrid Sol/Gels for DNA Arrays and Other Lab-on-a-Chip Applications 551(26) Caner Durucan Carlo G. Pantano Application of Sol--Gel Processing to Wood--Inorganic Composites 577(22) Shiro Saka Hisashi Miyafuji Functional Coatings Colored Coating with Organic Dyes and Pigments 599(24) Hiroyuki Nakazumi Colored Coatings with Metal Colloids 623(14) Martin Mennig Helmut Schmidt Sol--Gel Micropatterning Process 637(24) Atsunori Matsuda Sol--Gel Preparation of Reflective Coatings 661(16) Kensuke Makita Sol--Gel Prepared Antireflective Coatings 677(14) Seiji Yamazaki Sol--Gel Coatings Applied to Automotive Windows 691(12) T. Yoneda Y. Sanada T. Morimoto Sol--Gel Coating of the Panel of Cathode Ray Tube for Improving the Quality of Display 703(16) Takeo Ito Sol--Gel Coatings for Electrochromic Devices 719(42) Sabine Heusing Michel A. Aegerter Index 761