Instrumentation and Control Systems

Preface ix Measurement systems Introduction 1(1) Instrumentation systems 2(3) Performance terms 5(5) Reliability 10(1) Requirements 11(6) Problems 14(3) Instrumentation system elements Introduction 17(1) Displacement sensors 17(7) Speed sensors 24(1) Fluid pressure sensors 25(2) Fluid flow 27(4) Liquid level 31(2) Temperature sensors 33(5) Sensor selection 38(1) Signal processing 39(15) Signal transmission 54(3) Smart systems 57(1) Data presentation elements 58(10) Problems 62(6) Instrumentation case studies Introduction 68(1) Case studies 68(6) Data acquisition systems 74(3) Testing 77(5) Problems 79(3) Control systems Introduction 82(1) Control systems 83(3) Basic elements 86(3) Case studies 89(9) Discrete-time control systems 98(3) Problems 98(3) Process controllers Introduction 101(1) On-off control 102(2) Proportional control 104(4) Derivative control 108(2) Integral control 110(2) PID control 112(3) Tuning 115(4) Digital systems 119(6) Problems 121(4) Correction elements Introduction 125(1) Pneumatic and hydraulic systems 125(4) Directional control valves 129(6) Flow control valves 135(7) Motors 142(7) Case studies 149(7) Problems 151(5) PLC systems Introduction 156(1) Logic gates 157(3) PLC system 160(2) PLC programming 162(7) Case studies 169(10) Problems 173(6) System models Introduction 179(1) Gain 180(3) Dynamic systems 183(10) Differential equations 193(7) Problems 197(3) Transfer function Introduction 200(1) Transfer function 200(6) System transfer functions 206(2) Block manipulation 208(4) Multiple inputs 212(1) Sensitivity 213(6) Problems 216(3) System response Introduction 219(1) Inputs 219(1) Determining outputs 220(6) First-order systems 226(4) Second-order systems 230(10) Stability 240(5) Software 245(7) Problems 247(5) Frequency response Introduction 252(3) Sinusoidal inputs 255(6) Bode plots 261(10) System identification 271(1) Stability 272(3) Compensation 275(7) Problems 278(4) Nyquist diagrams Introduction 282(1) The polar plot 282(2) Stability 284(3) Relative stability 287(3) Problems 288(2) Controllers Introduction 290(1) Controllers 290(5) Frequency response 295(1) Systems with dead time 296(3) Cascade control 299(1) Feedforward control 300(3) Problems 300(3) Appendix A: Errors Measurement errors 303(1) Random errors 304(3) Combination of errors 307(4) Appendix B: Differential equations Differential equations 311(1) Solving differential equations 312(7) Appendix C: Laplace transform The Laplace transform 319(1) Obtaining the transform 320(4) The inverse transform 324(1) Solving differential equations 324(3) Answers 327(7) Index 334