Noam, Eli M.

Interconnecting the Network of Networks

Acknowledgments xi Interconnection as the Key to the Network of Networks 1(16) Breakdown of the Centralized Network and Emergence the Network of Networks 1(9) Concept of Network 6(1) Breakup of Networks 7(3) Why Regulate Interconnection? 10(4) Antimonopoly Rationale 11(2) Transaction Cost Rationale 13(1) Regulation of Interconnection and Unbundling in a Competitive Market 14(2) Consequence of Interconnection on the Network System 16(1) Interconnection as Tool for the Creation of Monopoly 17(10) Period of No Agreements in the United States 17(1) Period of Contracted Agreements 18(1) Road to Regulated Interconnection 18(3) Establishment of a Regulatory System 21(1) Early History of Interconnection in Europe 22(5) Sweden 22(1) Norway 23(1) United Kingdom 23(4) Interconnection Policy as Tool to Establish Competition an Control Markets 27(42) Reciprocity and Symmetry 27(3) United States: The Regulatory Bodies 30(2) Equipment Interconnection: The Beginning of Interconnection as a Tool for Competition 32(3) Long-Distance Interconnection and the Demise of the Bell System 35(3) U.S. System of Access Charges 38(8) Exchange Network Facilities for Interstate Access 39(1) Equal Access, 1984 to 1994 40(3) Interconnection Regime after the 1996 Telecommunications Act 43(3) Mobile Interconnection 46(2) Local Competition and Interconnection 48(6) Local Interconnection-Virtual or Physical Collocation 49(3) Local Interconnection-The FCC 52(2) The 1996 Telecommunications Act 54(4) Cable Television Interconnection 58(5) Internet Interconnection 63(6) Pricing of Interconnection and Access 69(48) Unregulated Pricing of Interconnection 69(6) Regulated Pricing of Interconnection 75(29) Zero-Charge (Bill-and-Keep) and Lump-Sum Payments 76(2) Average Cost Pricing 78(1) Fully Distributed Cost Pricing, Two-Part Tariffs, and Capacity Pricing 78(2) Price Caps 80(1) Ramsey Pricing (Optimal Price Discrimination) 80(1) Wholesale Pricing 81(5) Efficient Component Pricing 86(8) Marginal Cost Pricing 94(10) Costs of Interconnection 104(7) Arbitrage Model Pricing: Third-Party Neutrality 111(2) Assessment 113(4) Interconnection around the World 117(52) International Interconnection 117(12) Traditional ITU System 117(2) Intelsat 119(1) Submarine Cables 120(1) Accounting Rate System 121(7) European Commission 128(1) Open Network Provision in Europe 129(5) World Trade Organization Agreement 134(4) United Kingdom 138(6) Mercury Interconnection 139(1) Duopoly Review and the Access Deficit Contribution Debate 140(1) Cost Separation and Unbundling 141(3) Germany 144(2) France 146(3) Japan 149(4) Long-Distance Competition without Definite Interconnection Rules, 1985 to 1991 150(1) Interconnection Reforms 150(1) Designated Facility Rule 151(1) Holding Company System and LRIC 152(1) Korea 153(1) India 154(2) Mexico 156(3) Canada 159(1) Australia 160(2) New Zealand 162(5) Concluding Observations 167(2) Unbundling the Network 169(16) Why Unbundling? 169(5) Open Network Architecture 174(11) Emergence 174(5) ONA Unbundling 179(3) Unbundling Under the 1996 Telecommunications Act 182(3) Interconnection and Technology 185(26) Physical Interconnection 185(13) Technical Interconnection: An Introduction 185(2) Interconnection of Telephone Networks 187(2) Interconnection of Cellular Mobile Networks 189(1) Interconnection of Data Networks 190(4) Network Management and Control 194(2) Signaling 196(2) Standardization 198(4) Service Quality 202(2) Numbering and Portability 204(7) Telephone Numbering 204(2) Number Portability 206(5) Interconnection and the Flow of Content 211(20) Legal Regimes for Information Flow 211(2) Evolution of Common Carriage 213(4) Common Carrier Determination 214(1) Unreasonable Discrimination 214(1) Common Carriage and Interconnection: What Does the Future Hold? 215(2) Impending Doom of Common Carriage 217(6) Media Conduits as Private Carriage 217(2) Private Contract Carriage 219(4) A Mixed System? 223(2) Third-Party Neutrality as a Substitute for Common Carriage 225(2) Interconnection Status of Cable Television 227(2) Access to Telco High-Speed Service 229(2) Social Issues in the Interconnected Network: Universal Service and Privacy 231(16) Universal Service 231(9) Reforming Universal Service 231(1) Financing Today's Universal Service System 232(2) Financing the Universal Service System: Options for Reform 234(3) NetTrans Account System 237(2) The FCC's Universal Service Reform 239(1) Privacy in the Network of Networks 240(7) Emerging Privacy Problems 240(2) Policy Approaches 242(1) Markets in Privacy? 243(4) Into the Future 247(16) Emerging Network Technology 247(1) Transformation of Networks 248(5) From Interconnection to Modularization 248(1) From Modularization to Integration and Personal Networks 249(3) From Integration to Reorganization 252(1) Future of Regulation in the Network of Networks 253(2) Expansion of Redistribution 254(1) Expansion of Consumer Protection Regulation 254(1) Privacy Protection 255(1) Legacy Rules 255(1) Regulating Interconnection? 255(5) Societal Interconnectivity 260(3) Notes 263(30) Bibliography 293(20) Index 313