Masters, Gilbert M.; Ela, Wendell P.

Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science

Preface ix Mass and Energy Transfer 1(46) Introduction 1(1) Units of Measurement 2(4) Materials Balance 6(15) Energy Fundamentals 21(26) Problems 40(7) Environmental Chemistry 47(40) Introduction 47(1) Stoichiometry 48(4) Enthalpy in Chemical Systems 52(5) Chemical Equilibria 57(13) Organic Chemistry 70(6) Nuclear Chemistry 76(11) Problems 82(4) References 86(1) Mathematics of Growth 87(40) Introduction 87(1) Exponential Growth 88(7) Resource Consumption 95(7) Population Growth 102(4) Human Population Growth 106(21) Problems 120(4) References 124(3) Risk Assessment 127(46) Introduction 127(1) Perspectives on Risks 128(4) Perception of Risk 132(1) Risk Assessment 133(1) Hazard Identification 134(12) Dose-Response Assessment 146(11) Human Exposure Assessment 157(5) Risk Characterization 162(1) Comparative Risk Analysis 163(10) Problems 167(5) References 172(1) Water Pollution 173(108) Introduction 173(2) Water Resources 175(6) Water Pollutants 181(15) Status of Surface Water Quality 196(3) Biochemical Oxygen Demand 199(11) The Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers 210(9) Water Quality in Lakes and Reservoirs 219(10) Groundwater 229(2) Aquifers 231(3) Hydraulic Gradient 234(3) Darcy's Law 237(3) Contaminant Transport 240(5) Cone of Depression 245(3) Capture-Zone Curves 248(6) Control of Groundwater Plumes 254(1) Contaminants in Groundwater 255(4) Groundwater Remediation Technologies 259(22) Problems 266(11) References 277(4) Water Quality Control 281(86) Introduction 281(1) Municipal Water and Wastewater Systems 282(2) The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 284(5) Water Treatment Systems 289(27) Wastewater Treatment 316(17) Hazardous Wastes 333(2) Hazardous Materials Legislation 335(8) Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies 343(12) Land Disposal 355(12) Problems 359(5) References 364(3) Air Pollution 367(134) Introduction 367(1) Overview of Emissions 368(2) The Clean Air Act 370(6) Progress in Controlling Emissions and Improving Air Quality 376(4) Criteria Pollutants 380(19) Toxic Air Pollutants 399(1) Air Pollution in the World's Megacities 399(2) Motor Vehicle Emissions 401(25) Stationary Sources 426(12) Air Pollution and Meteorology 438(13) The Point Source Gaussian Plume Model 451(19) Indoor Air Quality 470(31) Problems 486(10) References 496(5) Global Atmospheric Change 501(100) Introduction 502(1) The Atmosphere of Earth 503(2) Global Temperature 505(10) The Greenhouse Effect 515(2) Global Energy Balance 517(3) Carbon Dioxide: The Principal Greenhouse Gas 520(16) The Other Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols 536(9) Radiative Forcing of Climate Change 545(7) Global Warming Potential 552(6) IPCC Assessment Reports 558(8) Stabilizing Greenhouse Gases 566(2) The Oceans and Climate Change 568(6) Changes in Stratospheric Ozone 574(27) Problems 588(9) References 597(4) Solid Waste Management and Resource Recovery 601(86) Introduction 602(1) RCRA Wastes 602(2) Municipal Solid Waste 604(2) Solid Waste Management 606(3) Source Reduction 609(4) Lifecycle Assessment 613(6) Waste Management, Energy, and Greenhouse Gases 619(5) Recycling 624(12) Collection and Transfer Operations 636(11) Materials Recovery Facilities and Economics 647(8) Composting 655(3) Discarded Materials 658(1) Waste-to-Energy Combustion 659(10) Landfills 669(18) Problems 677(6) References 683(4) Appendix A Useful Conversion Factors 687(4) Appendix B Atomic Numbers and Atomic Weights 691(2) Appendix C Density and Viscosity of Water and Air 693(2) Appendix D Useful Constants 695(2) Index 697