Jurisprudence : Legal Philosophy in a Nutshell

Introduction 1(7) Preparation for the Study of Theories of Law 7(74) Non-universality of Law 7(69) The Western Civilization 9(13) The Chinese Civilization 22(14) The Indian Civilization 36(13) The Japanese Civilization 49(8) The African Civilizations 57(19) Irreconcilable Epistemologies in Theories About Law 76(3) Ideological Incipience in Theories of Law 79(2) PART I. THEORIES OF LAW IN METAPHYSICAL-RATIONAL EPISTEMOLOGY Divine and Prophetic Theories of Law 81(3) Theories 81(1) Criticisms 82(2) Natural Law Theories 84(54) Early Theories of Natural Law 84(29) Theories 84(1) Natural Law as Law of Virtue 84(1) Dharma (India, Vedic Period: 1500 B.C.-500 B.C.) 85(1) Lao-Tsze (China, b. 604 B.C.) 85(1) Confucius (China, 550 or 551 B.C.-478 B.C.) 86(1) Natural Law as Justice by Nature 86(2) Natural Law as Law of Right Reason 88(2) Natural Law as Law of God 90(5) Criticisms 95(18) Modern Theories of Natural Law 113(25) Theories 114(1) Natural Law as Objectively Given Value: Francois Geny (1861--1944) 114(3) Natural Law as Morals: Jean Dabin (b. 1889) 117(2) Natural Law as Deontology: A.P. D'Entreves (1902--1985) 119(1) Natural Law as Related to Sociology: Philip Selznick (b. 1919) 120(2) Natural Law as Based on Anthropology: Margaret Mead (1901--1978); and May Edel (1909--1964) and Abraham Edel (b. 1908) 122(3) Natural Law as Ethical Jurisprudence: Morris Raphael Cohen (1880--1947) 125(2) Natural Law as the Inner Morality of Law: Lon L. Fuller (1902-1978) 127(1) Criticisms 128(10) PART II. THEORIES OF LAW IN IDEALIST EPISTEMOLOGY Idealist Theories of Law 138(34) Theories 138(1) Law as Harmonizing Voluntary Actions: Immanuel Kant (1724--1804) 138(5) Law as the Idea of Freedom: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770--1831) 143(5) Law as the Adjustment of Purposes: Rudolph Stammler (1856--1938) 148(3) Law as the Principle of Legal Evolution: Georgio Del Vecchio (1878--1970) 151(3) Criticisms 154(1) Kant 154(6) Hegel 160(4) Stammler 164(4) Del Vecchio 168(4) PART III. THEORIES OF LAW IN EMPIRICIST EPISTEMOLOGY Positivist Theories of Law 172(33) Early Positivist Theories of Law 172(7) Theories 172(1) Kautilya (India, Fourth Century B.C.) 172(2) Shang Iang (China, ?-338 B.C.) 174(2) Shuen Tao (China, Contemporary of Shang Iang) 176(1) Han Fei Tzu (China 280?-233 B.C.) 177(1) Criticisms 178(1) Later Positivist Theories of Law 179(26) Theories 179(1) The Command Theory of Law of the Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham (1748--1832), John Stuart Mill (1806--1873), John Austin (1790--1859) 179(6) The Normative Theory of Law: Hans Kelsen (1881--1973) 185(2) The Rule Theory of Law: H.L.A. Hart (b. 1907) 187(2) Criticisms 189(1) Bentham 189(3) Austin 192(4) Kelsen 196(6) Hart 202(3) Historical Theories of Law 205(18) Theories 205(1) Law as a Manifestation of the Spirit of the People in History: Friedrich Karl von Savigny (1719--1861) 205(2) Law as the Development in History of Personal Conditions From Status to Contract: Sir Henry Sumner Maine (1822--1888) 207(2) Law as an Auxiliary in a Stage of Economic Determinism: Karl Marx (1818--1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820--1895) 209(3) Criticisms 212(1) Savigny 212(3) Maine 215(4) Marx and Engels 219(4) Sociological Theories of Law 223(23) Theories 223(1) Law in Sociological Aspects 223(9) Law in the Social Purpose: Rudolf von Ihering (1818--1892) 223(4) Law in the Inner Order of Human Associations: Eugen Ehrlich (1862--1922) 227(2) Law in the Objective Conditions of Social Solidarity: Leon Duguit (1859--1928) 229(3) Jurisprudence of Interests: Philip Heck (1858--1943) and Roscoe Pound (1870--1964) 232(2) Free Law: Eugen Ehrlich (1862--1922) and Hermann U. Kantorowicz (1877--1940) 234(12) Criticisms 236(1) Ihering 236(2) Ehrlich 238(3) Duguit 241(3) Jurisprudence of Interests 244(1) Free Law 244(2) Psychological Theory of Law 246(9) Theory 246(7) Criticisms 253(2) American Realist Theories 255(18) Theories 255(1) Philosophical Framework of American Realism: John Dewey (1859--1952) and William James (1842--1910) 256(3) Expressions of American Realism 259(14) Law as Rules of Conduct Laid Down by Judges: John Chipman Gray (1839--1915) 259(1) Law as Prophecy of What the Courts Will Do: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1841--1935) 260(1) Law as What Certain Officials Do About Disputes: Karl N. Llewellyn (1893--1962) 261(2) Law as Generalization of Potential Legal Effect and Considerations Weighed by Courts in the Decision of Cases: Joseph W. Bingham (b. 1878) 263(1) Law From a Psychoanalytical Point of View: Jerome Frank (1889--1957) 264(2) Criticisms 266(7) Scandinavian Realist Theories of Law 273(11) Theories 273(1) Law as Conative Impulse: Axel Hagerstrom (1869--1939) 273(3) Law as Independent Imperatives: Karl Olivecrona (b. 1897) 276(3) Law Determined by Social Welfare: Vilhelm Lundstedt (1882-1955) 279(1) Law as a Scheme of Interpretation for a Set of Social Facts That Constitute the Counterpart of Legal Norms: Alf Ross (b. 1899) 280(2) Criticisms 282(2) Phenomenological Theories of Law 284(12) Theories 288(1) Nature of Thing Approach 289(1) Value Philosophy Approach 290(2) Positivist and Existentialist Approaches 292(1) Criticisms 293(3) The Critical Legal Studies Movement and Its Offshoots 296(51) Critical Legal Studies 296(24) Philosophical Moorings 297(17) Criticisms 314(6) Feminist Jurisprudence 320(21) Common Themes 322(3) Various Schools 325(12) Methodology 337(4) Critical Race Theory 341(6) Legal Polycentricity 347(3) Conclusion: On Defining Law 350(3) Index 353