Methods for Development Work and Research : A New Guide for Practitioners

List of Boxes 10(4) List of Figures 14(1) List of Abbreviations 15(4) Preface to the Second Edition 19(3) Preface to the First Edition 22(2) Acknowledgements 24(3) 1 CONTEXT AND Focus OF THE GUIDE 27(26) 1.1 Issues and Approaches in Current Development Cooperation 27(8) 1.1.1 Introduction 27(2) 1.1.2 Development Cooperation in a Globalizing World-Continuity and Change 29(2) 1.1.3 Practice, Process and Knowledge in Development Studies 31(4) 1.2 Dialogue, Problem Identification and Planning Cycle 35(11) 1.2.1 Problem Identification in Dialogue 35(3) 1.2.2 The Planning Cycle and Objectives-oriented Planning 38(2) 1.2.3 Problem Analysis in the Logical Framework Approach 40(6) 1.3 Target Groups, Readership and Terminology 46(7) 1.3.1 Target Groups 46(1) 1.3.2 Related Publications 47(1) 1.3.3 Terminology 48(2) 1.3.4 Outline of the Book 50(3) 2 PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT-THE CONCEPT AND CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES 53(34) 2.1 Perceptions of Participation 53(9) 2.1.1 Participation-A Contested Concept 53(2) 2.1.2 Participation in Development-The New Mainstream 'Paradigm'? 55(1) 2.1.3 Perspectives Over Time of Participation in Development Cooperation 56(2) 2.1.4 Different Strategies and Interests in Participation 58(4) 2.2 Participatory Methods, Techniques and Tools 62(7) 2.2.1 Multiple Terminology and Sources 62(1) 2.2.2 'Catalogue' of Participatory PRA Methods 63(2) 2.2.3 Classification and Typologies of Participatory Methods 65(4) 2.3 Considerations for Using Participatory Methods 69(6) 2.3.1 Overall Principles 69(1) 2.3.2 Gender Sensitivity in Application of Participatory Methods 70(2) 2.3.3 Stakeholder Participation and Practitioner Capabilities 72(3) 2.4 Critical Perspectives on Participation 75(12) 2.4.1 Positions in the Critiques of Participation in Development 75(5) 2.4.2 Methodological Concerns and 'Tyranny of Tools' 80(4) 2.4.3 A Changing Participation Agenda? 84(3) 3 PARTICIPATORY METHODS IN USE 87(37) 3.1 Illustrations of Selected Participatory Methods 87(23) 3.1.1 Elaboration of the 'Catalogue' of PRA Methods 87(11) 3.1.2 Ranking and Scoring Techniques 98(6) 3.1.3 Wealth Ranking and Social Mapping 104(6) 3.2 Spreading Uses of Participatory Methods 110(8) 3.2.1 Policy Planning-Deliberative Democracy and Inclusionary Processes 111(2) 3.2.2 Decentralization Reforms-Negotiated Partnerships 113(2) 3.2.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, PRSP, and Processes 115(3) 3.3 Topical Applications of Participatory Methods 118(6) 3.3.1 Participatory Budgeting and Budget Analysis 118(2) 3.3.2 Participatory Forest Management and Economic Analysis 120(1) 3.3.3 Technology Assessment 121(1) 3.3.4 Advocacy 122(2) 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES-PURPOSE, METHODS AND DESIGN 124(32) 4.1 Types and Forms of Development Studies 124(7) 4.1.1 Characteristics of Different Types of Studies 124(3) 4.1.2 Different Objectives, Normative Aspects and Hidden Assumptions 127(1) 4.1.3 Forms of Studies and Typical Research Questions 128(3) 4.2 Research Purpose, Goals and Focus 131(8) 4.2.1 Research Purpose and Application 131(4) 4.2.2 Research Goals and Focus 135(2) 4.2.3 Is There a Development Research-Development Work Continuum? 137(2) 4.3 Research Methods and Possible Combinations 139(9) 4.3.1 Research Methods 139(2) 4.3.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Style Research 141(5) 4.3.3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives 146(2) 4.4 Research Process and Research Plan 148(8) 4.4.1 Basic Elements in the Research Process 148(1) 4.4.2 Methodological and Logic Considerations in the Research Process 149(3) 4.4.3 Designing a Research Plan 152(4) 5 DATA CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE DATA 156(43) 5.1 Theory Based Data Generation and Analysis 156(12) 5.1.1 Theoretical Frameworks 156(3) 5.1.2 Data Selection, Construction and Analysis 159(2) 5.1.3 Using Indicators 161(7) 5.2 Analysis of Qualitative Data 168(24) 5.2.1 Data and Data Analysis 168(1) 5.2.2 Interviews-A Key Source of Data 169(11) 5.2.3 Analysis and Interpretation of Interview-based Data 180(5) 5.2.4 Other Sources of Qualitative Data-Text Analysis and IT Tools 185(7) 5.3 Standards of Quality for Qualitative Research 192(7) 5.3.1 Sampling, Biases, Reliability and Validation 192(4) 5.3.2 Criteria for Good Practice 196(3) 6 SELECTED DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND APPROACHES 199(64) 6.1 A Rights-based Approach to Development 199(18) 6.1.1 The Principles and Concepts of Human Rights 201(2) 6.1.2 Towards Operationalization of a Human Rights Approach 203(10) 6.1.3 Challenges of Implementing a Rights-based Approach 213(2) 6.1.4 Human Rights, Freedom and Poverty Reduction 215(2) 6.2 Poverty Reduction-Evolving Agenda and Poverty Analysis 217(14) 6.2.1 Evolving Approaches-Rights-based, Millennium Goals and PRSPs 217(7) 6.2.2 Poverty Measures and Analysis 224(4) 6.2.3 Indicators of Poverty and Prosperity-Monitoring and Evaluation 228(3) 6.3 Women in Development and Gender Perspectives 231(13) 6.3.1 From WID to Gender-Mainstreaming Gender Equality 231(3) 6.3.2 Gender Analysis and Approaches to Gender Mainstreaming 234(5) 6.3.3 Gender-sensitive Indicators, Poverty and Power 239(2) 6.3.4 Contesting Perspectives-Mainstreaming and Women's Empowerment 241(3) 6.4 Innovative Approaches-Appreciative Inquiry; Social Capital Assessment; Geomatics 244(19) 6.4.1 Appreciative Inquiry 245(3) 6.4.2 Social Capital Assessment Tool (SOCAT) 248(4) 6.4.3 Geomatics-Space-related Information-Tools for Empowerment? 252(11) 7 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 263(62) 7.1 Monitoring and Evaluation-For Accountability and Learning 263(6) 7.1.1 Definitions of Monitoring and Evaluation 263(5) 7.1.2 Learning from Change 268(1) 7.2 Aid Evaluation, Basic Evaluation Designs and Primary Uses of Evaluation Findings 269(11) 7.2.1 Types of Aid Evaluation 269(2) 7.2.2 Basic Evaluation Designs and Baseline Data 271(2) 7.2.3 Primary Uses and Users of Evaluation Findings 273(3) 7.2.4 Evaluator Roles-Professional Evaluators 276(1) 7.2.5 Case 1: Thematic Evaluation of Participation and Empowerment 277(1) 7.2.6 Case 2: Participatory Evaluation of Business Sector Support Programme, Tanzania 278(2) 7.3 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation 280(24) 7.3.1 Why Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation? 280(3) 7.3.2 Stakeholder Analysis and Beneficiary Assessment 283(4) 7.3.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Methods and Tools 287(2) 7.3.4 Setting up Participatory Monitoring Systems and Evaluation Frameworks 289(3) 7.3.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators 292(3) 7.3.6 Case 3: Ranking by Farmers of Forages 295(2) 7.3.7 Case 4: 'Keep it Simple' The Most Significant Change, MSC, Approach 297(2) 7.3.8 Case 5: M&E of Agricultural Knowledge and Information 299(2) 7.3.9 Case 6: Indicators for Institutional Capacity Building 301(3) 7.4 Impact Monitoring and Evaluation 304(19) 7.4.1 Impact M&E--Rationality, Causality and Attribution 304(1) 7.4.2 Monitoring and Evaluation of Poverty and Well-being Changes 305(5) 7.4.3 Case 7: Evaluation of Poverty Reduction in Danish Development Assistance 310(6) 7.4.4 Case 8: Gender and Poverty Impact Monitoring for the ASPS, Uganda 316(4) 7.4.5 Case 9: Impact Evaluation in an Empowerment Framework 320(3) 7.5 Learning from M&E and Impact Studies 323(2) 8 CONCLUSION ON ETHICS AND INTERVENTIONS 325(21) 8.1 Images of 'the Others' 326(6) 8.1.1 Culture Encounters 326(1) 8.1.2 Central and Peripheral Norms 327(2) 8.1.3 Concepts of Space and Time 329(1) 8.1.4 Women Field Researchers and Field Assistants 330(2) 8.2 Interventions, Interference and Agents of Change 332(7) 8.2.1 Ethics and Development Interventions 332(3) 8.2.2 Ethics of Specific Disciplines 335(2) 8.2.3 Regulations and Codes of Conduct 337(2) 8.3 Dilemmas of Topics and Methods, and Reminders on Conduct 339(7) 8.3.1 Unintended Consequences of Codes of Conduct 339(1) 8.3.2 Ethics and Methods-The Power of Interviewing 340(2) 8.3.3 Ethical Issues of Field Studies 342(1) 8.3.4 Reciprocity 343(3) Glossary 346(4) Bibliography 350(16) Index 366(9) About the Author 375