Mind, Meaning, and Mental Disorder : The Nature of Causal Explanation in Psychology and Psychiatry

Introduction and Synopsis xv 1 Mind, meaning, and the explanation of action 01(58) 1.1 The 'cognitive paradigm' in psychological science 01(15) 1.1.1 Cognition in the explanation of behaviour 01(11) 1.1.2 Cognition, affect and consciousness 12(4) 1.2 Intentionality 16(11) 1.2.1 Some definitions and some old theories 16(3) 1.2.2 Intentionality based in action 19(8) 1.3 Theory and theory of mind 27(16) 1.3.1 'Theory' in post-empiricist epistemology 27(6) 1.3.2 Theory of mind and self-knowledge 33(6) 1.3.3 Core beliefs: logic and psychologic 39(4) 1.4 The inference to causality 43(4) 1.5 Summary 47(2) Endnotes 49(3) References 52(7) 2 Mind, meaning, and neural causation 59(38) 2.1 'Encoding' as a solution to the problem of mental causation 59(5) 2.2 Objections to the encoding thesis (1): Are there "sentences in the head"?' 64(4) 2.3 Objections to the proposed solution (2): '(Neural) Syntax isn't enough for semantics' 68(4) 2.4 Objections to the proposed solution (3): 'Neural syntax is enough for causality' 72(4) 2.5 Objections to the proposed solution (4): 'Meanings ain't in the head'. 76(8) 2.6 Objections to the proposed solution (5): "Meaning is in human activity, not the brain'. 84(3) 2.7 Summary 87(3) Endnotes 90(3) References 93(4) 3 Relativity 97(36) 3.1 Intentionality is observer-relative 97(2) 3.2 Theory of mind and empathy ('mental simulation') 99(5) 3.3 Rule-following 104(13) 3.4 Relativity and reality in the natural and bio-psychological sciences 117(9) 3.5 Summary 126(1) Endnotes 127(2) References 129(4) 4 Functional semantics 133(46) 4.1 Introduction 133(1) 4.2 Hume's analysis of causality and some standard elaborations 134(5) 4.3 Causal semantics: meaning as a (standard) causal relation 139(6) 4.4 Functional semantics: meaning defined in terms of systemic function 145(11) 4.5 Functional semantic causality: norms and necessity, generality and agency 156(13) 4.6 Summary 169(2) Endnotes 171(3) References 174(5) 5 Two forms of causality in biological and psychological processes 179(24) 5.1 Introduction 179(1) 5.2 Intentional causality: 15 principles 180(6) 5.3 Non-intentional causality 186(2) 5.4 The relationship between intentional and non-intentional causality 188(1) 5.5 Intentional causality cannot be replaced by non-intentional 189(6) 5.6 The place of non-intentional causality in the explanation of breakdown 195(1) 5.7 Disruption of function and the conditions for non-intentional causality 196(1) 5.8 Biological processes: A further examination 197(4) 5.8.1 DNA and protein synthesis 197(2) 5.8.2 The haemoglobin molecule 199(2) 5.9 Summary 201(1) References 201(2) 6 Intentional causality, neurobiology and development 203(38) 6.1 Introduction 203(2) 6.2 Neurobiology 205(8) 6.2.1 The basic units 205(1) 6.2.2 The visual system 205(6) 6.2.3 Representation and behaviour in animals 211(2) 6.3 Early human psychological development 213(7) 6.3.1 Introduction 213(1) 6.3.2 The newborn infant 213(1) 6.3.3 The first months 214(2) 6.3.4 Attachment 216(1) 6.3.5 Play 217(3) 6.4 Rule multiplicity: selection and communication 220(9) 6.4.1 The problems and forms of solution 220(1) 6.4.2 Self and personality 221(2) 6.4.3 Communication, metacommunication, and language 223(2) 6.4.4 Cognition and commitment 225(4) 6.5 Higher-order intentionality: the development of thought and reason 229(6) 6.5.1 Introduction 229(1) 6.5.2 Origins in action 229(1) 6.5.3 Cognitive maturation 230(5) 6.6 Summary 235(1) References 236(5) 7 Psychiatric disorder and its explanation 241(38) 7.1 Introduction 241(1) 7.2 The operation of intentionality in psychological processes 241(3) 7.3 The disruption of intentionality 244(4) 7.4 Levels of explanation and the reduction of mental processes 248(4) 7.5 Medical disorder 252(3) 7.6 Psychiatric disorder 255(8) 7.6.1 Classification and diagnosis 255(1) 7.6.2 Intentionality in psychiatric disorder 256(3) 7.6.3 The search for non-intentional causal explanation 259(2) 7.6.4 Interactions between intentional and non-intentional causal processes 261(2) 7.7 Genetics, 'design, and disorder 263(9) 7.7.1 Introduction 263(1) 7.7.2 Dennett, development and design 263(5) 7.7.3 Genetic influences 268(4) 7.8 'Biological' psychiatry and psychology 272(2) 7.9 Summary 274(1) References 275(4) 8 Intentionality in disorder 279(46) 8.1 Two approaches: logic and biology 279(1) 8.2 The logic and epistemology of disorder 280(19) 8.2.1 Radical error, avoidance and re-enactment 280(5) 8.2.2 A priori threats to action and thought 285(4) 8.2.3 Higher-order intentionality: further possibilities of disorder 289(3) 8.2.4 Psychic defences: behavioural strategies, mental analogues and elaborations 292(7) 8.3 Intentional causality and disorder 299(9) 8.3.1 Introduction: threats to the integrity of intentional causality 299(2) 8.3.2 Incompatibility between representation and action 301(3) 8.3.3 The generalization and differentiation of representations 304(1) 8.3.4 The stability and testing of representations 305(1) 8.3.5 The integrity of the meta-representational system 306(2) 8.4 Psychological models of disorder and treatment 308(12) 8.4.1 Introduction 308(1) 8.4.2 Conditioning theory 308(1) 8.4.3 Social learning theory 309(1) 8.4.4 Cognitive therapy 310(2) 8.4.5 Psychoanalytic theories 312(2) 8.4.6 Family systems theories 314(3) 8.4.7 Attachment theory 317(3) 8.5 Summary 320(1) References 321(4) 9 Psychiatric conditions 325(52) 9.1 Introduction 325(1) 9.2 Schizophrenia 326(8) 9.2.1 Introduction: syndromes 326(1) 9.2.2 Biochemical contributions 326(1) 9.2.3 Neuropathology and neuropsychology 327(2) 9.2.4 Neurodevelopment and psychological development 329(3) 9.2.5 Psychosis, certainty and action 332(2) 9.3 Anxiety disorders 334(27) 9.3.1 Intentionality, development and content 334(9) 9.3.2 Obsessive compulsive disorder 343(4) 9.3.3 Post-traumatic stress disorder and other cases of recurring, intrusive, distressing thoughts 347(14) 9.4 Personality disorders 361(7) 9.4.1 Introduction 361(1) 9.4.2 Borderline personality disorder 362(2) 9.4.3 Sexual abuse and borderline processes 364(2) 9.4.4 Development, intentional and borderline processes 366(1) 9.4.5 Protection and resilience 367(1) 9.5 Conclusion 368(2) References 370(7) Index 377