Muscle Development of Livestock Animals : Physiology, Genetics, and Meat Quality

Contributors xi Preface xv 1 Number and Size of Muscle Fibres in Relation to Meat Production 1(38) C. Rehfeldt, I. Fiedler and N.C. Stickland 1.1 Introduction 2(1) 1.2 Principles of Skeletal Muscle Growth 2(5) 1.3 Factors Influencing Muscle Fibre Number and Size 7(13) 1.4 Significance of Muscle Fibre Number and Size for Animal Performance 20(9) 1.5 Conclusions 29(1) References 30(9) 2 Fibre Type Identification and Functional Characterization in Adult Livestock Animals 39(30) C. Reggiani and F. Mascarello 2.1 Introduction: Definition of 'Fibre Type' 39(3) 2.2 Fibre Types and Myosin Isoforms 42(2) 2.3 Methods for Fibre Type Identification in Various Mammalian Species 44(6) 2.4 Coordinated Expression of the Myofibrillar Protein Isoforms Determines the Contractile Performance 50(3) 2.5 Contraction Speed is Related to the Excitation-Contraction Coupling 53(2) 2.6 Fatigue Resistance is Related to the Balance Between Energy Production and Energy Consumption 55(1) 2.7 Muscle Fibre Type Composition in Adult Livestock Animals 56(5) 2.8 Conclusions 61(1) Acknowledgements 62(1) References 62(7) 3 Manipulation of Muscle Fibre Number During Prenatal Development 69(14) N.C. Stickland, S. Bayol, C. Ashton and C. Rehfeldt 3.1 Introduction 69(1) 3.2 Prenatal Muscle Development 70(1) 3.3 Natural Variation in Development 71(2) 3.4 Prenatal Nutrition 73(2) 3.5 Growth Promoters 75(1) 3.6 Temperature 76(2) 3.7 Conclusion 78(1) References 79(4) 4 The Effect of Growth and Exercise on Muscle Characteristics in Relation to Meat Quality 83(20) E.G. Dingboom and W.A. Weijs 4.1 Introduction 83(1) 4.2 Muscle Fibre Types 84(3) 4.3 Capillarity 87(1) 4.4 Relationship between Meat Quality and Muscle Properties 88(2) 4.5 Postnatal Development 90(2) 4.6 The Influence of Exercise 92(2) 4.7 Conclusions 94(1) References 95(8) 5 Nutrition, Hormone Receptor Expression and Gene Interactions: Implications for Development and Disease 103(22) M.J. Dauncey, M. Katsumata and P. White 5.1 Introduction 104(1) 5.2 Nutritional Regulation of Muscle Development 104(1) 5.3 Hormones, Receptors and Muscle Development 105(5) 5.4 Nutritional Regulation of Hormones, Receptors and Gene Expression 110(6) 5.5 Implications for Health and Disease 116(2) Acknowledgement 118(1) References 119(6) 6 The Impact of Minerals and Micronutrients on Growth Control 125(12) I. Dørup 6.1 Introduction 125(1) 6.2 The Effect of Specific Mineral and Micronutrient Deficiencies on Growth and Protein Synthesis 126(2) 6.3 The TGF System and its Regulation 128(1) 6.4 Effect of Specific Mineral and Micronutrient Deficiencies on the IGF System 129(2) 6.5 Human Studies 131(2) 6.6 Summary and Conclusions 133(1) References 133(4) 7 Na+, K+-ATPase in Skeletal Muscle: Significance of Exercise and Thyroid Hormones for Development and Performance 137(20) S. Slob, P.H.M. Klaren and M.E. Everts 7.1 Introduction 137(1) 7.2 Na+, K+-ATPase in Skeletal Muscle 138(6) 7.3 Na+, K+-ATPase in Livestock and Domestic Species 144(5) 7.4 Na+, K+-ATPase During Development 149(2) 7.5 Conclusion 151(1) References 152(5) 8 Local and systemic Regulation of Muscle Growth 157(16) G. Goldspink 8.1 summary 157(1) 8.2 Introduction 158(6) 8.3 Systemic control of Muscle Growth 164(1) 8.4 Cloning of Local Insulin-like Growth Factors 165(2) 8.5 Conclusions 167(1) Acknowledgements 168(1) References 168(5) 9 Proteolytic Systems and the Regulation of Muscle Remodelling and Breakdown 173(28) V.T. Los and H.P. Haagsman 9.1 Introduction 174(3) 9.2 Models and Methods used to Study Proteolysis 177(4) 9.3 Regulation of Protease Expression 181(4) 9.4 Regulation of Substrate Degradation 185(7) 9.5 Conclusion 192(2) References 194(7) 10 The Muscle Regulatory Factors Gene Family in Relation to Meat Production 201(24) P.H.J. Houba and M.F.W. to Pas 10.1 Introduction 202(1) 10.2 Regulation of the Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibres: Importance for Livestock Production 202(2) 10.3 The Muscle Regulatory Factors Gene Family 204(3) 10.4 MRF Genes and Regulation of Muscle Mass: Conclusions from the Knockout/Kick-in Mice 207(1) 10.5 Relationships between Genomic Variation in the MRF Gene Loci and Skeletal Muscle Mass/Meat Mass Determination in Livestock Meat Production 207(3) 10.6 Use of Genetic Variation in the Prenatal and Postnatal Expression Level of MRF Genes to Enhance Muscle Mass/Meat Production 210(2) 10.7 Discussion: MRF Genomic Variation and Expression Affects Muscle Mass, and thus Livestock Meat Production 212(2) 10.8 New Directions for the Research and Livestock Breeding for Meat Production 214(1) 10.9 Towards Identification of Genes that arc Regulated by the MRF Proteins in Muscle Tissue 215(3) References 218(7) 11 The Muscle Transcriptome 225(22) K. Wimmers, S. Ponsuksili and K. Schellander 11.1 Motives to Address the Muscle Transcriptome 225(2) 11.2 Complexity of the Genome, Transcriptome and Protcome: Strategic Implications 227(2) 11.3 identification of Skeletal Must le Expressed Sequence Tags 229(3) 11.4 Methods to Illuminate the Transcriptome and to Relate Muscle Differential Expression and Phenotype 232(7) 11.5 Prospective of Functional Genomics in Livestock Species 239(1) References 240(7) 12 Genome Analysis of QTL for Muscle Tissue Development and Meat Quality 247(20) M.F. Rothschild, J.P. Bidanel and D.C. Ciobanu 12.1 Introduction 247(1) 12.2 Major Genes Identified in Populations 248(1) 12.3 Genomic Scanning and Candidate Gene Approaches 249(1) 12.4 QTL and Candidate Gene Results 250(10) 12.5 Future Research Approaches 260(1) 12.6 Practical Applications in the Pig Industry 261(1) Acknowledgements 262(1) References 262(5) 13 Functional Genomics and Proteomics in Relation to Muscle Tissue 267(30) C. Maltin and G. Plastow 13.1 Introduction 267(1) 13.2 Muscle Development and Growth 268(4) 13.3 Functional Genomics 272(7) 13.4 Proteomics 279(5) 13.5 The Application of Functional Genomics and Proteomics to Livestock Breeding 284(4) 13.6 Conclusion 288(1) Acknowledgements 288(1) References 288(9) 14 Role of Myostatin in Muscle Growth 297(20) R. Kambadur, A. Bishop, M.S. Salerno, S. McCroskery and M. Sharma 14.1 Introduction 297(1) 14.2 Double-muscling in Cattle 298(1) 14.3 Myostatin - a Negative Regulator of Muscle Mass 299(1) 14.4 Structure and Function of Myostatin 299(4) 14.5 Receptor Binding and Downstream Signalling by Myostatin 303(1) 14.6 Modifiers of Myostatin Function 304(1) 14.7 Myostatin Expression 305(1) 14.8 Transcriptional Regulation of Myostatin Gene Expression 306(1) 14.9 Physiological Role of Myostatin 307(3) 14.10 Mechanism of Myostatin Function 310(1) 14.11 Perspectives and Conclusion 311(1) Acknowledgements 311(1) References 312(5) 15 The Callipyge Mutation for Sheep Muscular Hypertrophy-Genetics, Physiology and Meat Quality 317(26) B.A. Freking, T.P.L.Smith and K.A. Leymaster 15.1 Introduction 317(1) 15.2 CLPG Map Location and Muscle Hypertrophy Phenotype Gene Action 318(2) 15.3 Gene Action Associated with Meat 320(4) 15.4 Fine Mapping and Positional Cloning of the CLPG Mutation 324(2) 15.5 Preliminary Functional Evaluation of Mutated Region 326(1) 15.6 Expression Profiles and Imprint Status of Genes Near the Mutation 327(3) 15.7 Summary of CLPG Domain Expression 330(1) 15.8 Impact of CLPG Mutation on Growth, Slaughter and Carcass Traits 330(3) 15.9 Impact of CLPG Mutation on Meat Quality Traits 333(5) 15.10 Conclusion 338(1) Disclaimer 339(1) References 339(4) 16 Genetic Control of Intramuscular Fat Accretion 343(20) F. Gerbens 16.1 Introduction 343(1) 16.2 Intramuscular Fat Physiology 344(5) 16.3 Intramuscular Fat and Meat Quality 349(1) 16.4 Strategies to Improve Intramuscular Fat Accretion 350(1) 16.5 Marker-assisted Selection of Intramuscular Fat Content 351(4) 16.6 Prospects for Breeding on Intramuscular Fat 355(1) References 356(7) 17 Post-mortem Muscle Proteolysis and Meat Tenderness 363(26) D.L. Hopkins and R.G. Taylor 17.1 General Introduction 363(1) 17.2 Introduction to Mechanisms of Tenderization 364(1) 17.3 Degradation of Myofibrillar Proteins 365(4) 17.4 Cathepsins 369(1) 17.5 Calpains 370(8) 17.6 Inhibition of Cathepsins and Calpains 378(2) 17.7 Scrims Proteases and Proteasomes 380(1) 17.8 Conclusions 381(1) Acknowledgements 381(1) References 381(8) 18 Water-holding Capacity of Meat 389(12) K.O. Honikel 18.1 Introduction 389(1) 18.2 Methods for the Measurement of Water-holding Capacity 390(1) 18.3 Muscle Structure and Water Distribution 391(1) 18.4 Changes Post Mortem and Water-holding Capacity 392(2) 18.5 First Conclusion 394(1) 18.6 Processing of Meat and Water-holding Capacity 395(3) 18.7 Conclusion on the Effects of Processing on water-holding Capacity 398(1) References 399(2) Perspectives 401(2) Index 403