Musculoskeletal Medicine

Preface xix Foreword xxi Section 1: Biology Kerwyn C. Jones Martha M. Murray Introduction 3(2) Bone 5(10) Bone Formation 5(4) Normal Histology and Composition 9(6) Articular Cartilage 15(10) Physiologic Function 15(1) Normal Histology and Composition 15(4) Development and Aging 19(1) Pathophysiology 19(6) Synovial Tissue 25(8) Physiologic Function 25(1) Normal Histology and Anatomy 25(1) Development and Aging 26(1) Pathophysiology 26(7) Ligaments 33(8) Physiologic Function 33(1) Normal Histology and Composition 34(2) Development and Aging 36(1) Pathophysiology 36(5) Meniscus and Intervertebral Disks 41(10) Meniscus 41(5) Intervertebral Disks 46(5) Skeletal Muscle 51(8) Physiologic Function 51(3) Normal Histology and Composition 54(1) Development and Aging 55(1) Pathophysiology 55(4) Inflammation 59(14) The Inflammatory Process 59(2) Triggers of Inflammation 61(1) Mediators of Inflammation 62(1) Modification of the Mediators of Inflammation 62(3) Effects of Inflammation on Tissue 65(6) Section 2: Anatomy Phillip E. Blazar Introduction 71(2) Anatomy 73(32) Shoulder and Arm 73(4) Elbow and Forearm 77(4) Hand and Wrist 81(2) Hip and Thigh 83(5) Knee and Leg 88(5) Foot and Ankle 93(4) Spine 97(6) Section 3: Disorders Susan A. Scherl Kimberly Templeton Introduction 103(2) Osteoarthritis 105(10) Primary Osteoarthritis 105(4) Osteonecrosis 109(1) Posttraumatic Arthritis 110(1) Neuropathic Arthritis 111(4) Inflammatory Arthritis 115(8) Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis 115(3) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 118(1) Other Inflammatory Arthritides 119(4) Back Pain and Sciatica 123(8) Epidemiology 123(1) Pathophysiology 123(2) Clinical Presentation 125(2) Differential Diagnosis 127(1) Treatment and Prevention 127(4) Infection 131(12) Septic Arthritis 131(3) Osteomyelitis 134(4) Periprosthetic Infection 138(1) Special Situations 138(5) Metabolic Bone Disease 143(10) Osteoporosis 143(5) Osteomalacia and Rickets 148(2) Paget's Disease 150(3) Musculoskeletal Aspects of Trauma 153(8) Epidemiology 153(1) Presentation 154(2) Treatment and Prevention 156(5) Fracture 161(14) How Bones Break 162(1) How Bones Heal 163(4) Clinical Evaluation of Fractures 167(8) Musculoskeletal Emergencies 175(14) Spinal Injuries 176(1) Crush Injuries 176(1) Compartment Syndrome 177(1) Open Fractures 178(1) Pelvic Fractures 179(1) Long Bone Fractures 180(1) Bite Wounds 180(1) Effusions 181(1) Dislocations 182(1) Deep Venous Thrombosis 183(2) Occult Fractures 185(4) Overuse Injuries 189(10) Stress Fractures 189(4) Patellofemoral Pain 193(1) Tendon Injury 194(1) Osteochondritis Dissecans 194(2) Apophysitis 196(3) Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumors 199(14) Epidemiology 200(1) Clinical Presentation 200(2) Treatment 202(2) Benign Bone Tumors 204(3) Malignant Bone Tumors 207(2) Benign Soft-Tissue Tumors 209(2) Malignant Soft-Tissue Tumors 211(2) Disorders of Musculoskeletal Growth and Development 213(12) Definitions 213(2) Normal Skeletal and Muscle Biology 215(1) Clinical Approach 216(1) Skeletal Dysplasias: Achondroplasia 217(2) Muscular Dystrophies: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 219(1) Connective Tissue Disorders: Osteogenesis Imperfecta 220(5) Chronic Pain Syndromes 225(10) Fibromyalgia 226(3) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 229(6) Compression Neuropathies 235(6) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 236(5) Soft-Tissue Trauma 241(10) Ligament Injuries 241(5) Tendon Injuries 246(1) Skin Injuries 247(2) Muscle Injuries 249(2) Special Concerns of the Athlete 251(12) Common Musculoskeletal Conditions Affecting Athletes 251(6) Sport-Specific Injuries 257(3) The Female Athlete 260(1) The Aging Athlete 260(1) The Pediatric Athlete 260(1) Athletes with Disabilities 261(2) Special Concerns of the Pediatric Patient 263(14) Rotational Deformities 263(1) Angular Deformities 264(1) Foot Deformities 265(1) Hip Disorders 266(3) Growth Plate Fractures 269(1) Neuromuscular Disorders 270(2) Child Abuse 272(1) Infection 272(5) Special Concerns of the Geriatric Patient 277(14) Age-Related Changes 277(2) Evaluating the Geriatric Patient 279(8) Section 4: Clinical Evaluation Kevin B. Freedman Robert A. Hart Introduction 287(4) Physical Examination 291(54) Shoulder and Arm 291(7) Elbow and Forearm 298(4) Hand and Wrist 302(9) Hip and Thigh 311(7) Knee and Leg 318(6) Foot and Ankle 324(7) Spine 331(14) Radiography 345(34) Regional Radiographic Anatomy 345(2) Common Pathologies 347(32) Special Imaging Studies 379(30) Magnetic Resonance Imaging 379(1) Computed Tomography 380(2) Nuclear Medicine 382(1) Arthrography and Magnetic Resonance Arthrography 382(1) Diskography and Magnetic Resonance Diskography 383(1) Ultrasonography 383(26) Electrodiagnostic Studies 409(14) Nerve Conduction Studies 409(1) Electromyography 410(2) Clinical Electrodiagnostic Testing 412(3) Neuromuscular Junction Disorders 415(1) Myopathies 416(5) Section 5: Management Marshall L. Balk Introduction 421(2) Nonsurgical Therapy 423(14) Types of Nonsurgical Therapy 423(4) Functional Progression in Rehabilitation 427(5) Exercise Prescription and Promotion 432(5) Medications 437(12) Analgesia 437(3) Viscosupplementation 440(1) Corticosteroid Injections 441(1) Management 442(2) Prevention of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism 444(1) Antibiotics 445(4) Alternative Medicine 449(16) Classification of Treatments 449(1) Alternative Medicine in a Scientific Context 450(1) Analysis of Alternative Medicine 451(1) Hands-On Interventions 452(2) Pharmaceutical Interventions 454(1) Patient-Directed Interventions 455(2) Devices 457(3) Alternative Therapy Versus Traditional Medicine 460(5) Surgical Treatments 465(9) Conditions 465(1) Types of Surgery 466(8) USMLE Musculoskeletal System Content Outline 474(2) Index 476